Ibn al-Mukhayem: esclusione e soggettività dei rifugiati palestinesi in Cisgiordania
Parole chiave:
Palestina, Rifugiati, Colonialismo, Antropologia, Violenza
Abstract
‘Il campo’ è un’eterogeneità di forme di alloggio/reclusione situate in contesti estremamente diversificati e gestiti da istituzioni dissimili tra loro. I campi sono un luogo caratteristico della modernità, eccedenza dell’ordine nazionale delle cose. Il campo e i suoi abitanti sono una chimera, materia viva che sfugge alla rappresentazione del reale in quanto razionale: in divenire fluido, attraversato dai corpi che lo plasmano ma luogo dove si vive in uno stato di liminalità per un tempo incerto.
La domanda centrale che si pone il testo è quali siano le condizioni di vita del campo profughi in relazione al ‘fuori’. Attraverso un’etnografia comparata vengono tracciate alcune linee di continuità e discontinuità tra il ‘dentro’ e il ‘fuori’ dello spazio campo profughi in Cisgiordania, in relazione alle condizioni esistenziali legate alla terra, all’espropriazione e all’abitare entro le quali si articolano ed intersecano le possibilità dei discorsi, delle identità, delle tecniche, dei saperi e delle forme della politica.
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Riferimenti bibliografici
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Agier 2002 = M. Agier, Between War and City, “Ethnography”, 3, 3, 2002, pp. 317-341.
Agier 2018 = M. Agier, La giungla di Calais, Ombre Corte, Verona 2018.
Angioni 1986 = G. Angioni, Il sapere della mano, Sellerio, Palermo 1986.
Angioni 2011 = G. Angoni, Fare, dire, sentire. L’identico e il diverso nelle culture, Il Maestrale, Nuoro 2011.
Appadurai 2014 = A. Appadurai, Il Futuro come fatto culturale, Raffaele Cortina, Milano 2014.
Arendt 1995 = H. Arendt, Che cos’è la politica?, Einaudi, Torino 1995.
Arendt 2012 = H. Arendt, Vita Activa, Bompiani, Milano 2012.
Awad 2018 = H. Awad, Khan al-Ahmar, “Jerusalem Quarterly”, 76, 2018, pp. 14-23.
Bartolomei 2017 = E. Bartolomei, Dieci comandamenti in una mano e la spade nell’altra, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 15-27.
Basso 2008 = L. Basso, Socialità e isolamento, Carocci, Roma 2008.
Bauman 2002 = Z. Bauman, In the Lowly Nowherevilles of Liquid Modernity, “Ethnography”, 3, 2002, pp. 343-349.
Beneduce 2010 = R. Beneduce, Corpi e saperi indocili, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2010.
Berda 2018 = Y. Berda, Living Emergency: Israel’s Permit Regime in the West Bank, Stanford University Press, Stanford 2018.
Braverman 2008 = I. Braverman, The Tree Is the Enemy Soldier, “Law & Society Review”, 42, 3, 2008, pp. 449-482.
Brandolini, Cipollone, Viviano 2004 = A. Brandolini, P. Cipollone E. Viviano, Does the ILO Definition Capture All Unemployment?, “Journal of the European Economic Association” , 4, 1, 2006, pp. 153-179.
BTS 2017 = The High Command, Breaking the Silence, Tel Aviv 2017.
Butler 2005 = J. Butler, La vita psichica del potere, Meltemi, Roma 2005.
Collins 2017 = J. Collins, Oltre il conflitto, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 100-124.
Cossu 2009 = T. Cossu, L'arca del tiranno, CUEC, Cagliari 2009.
Dabbagh 2005 = N. Dabbagh, Suicide in Palestine, Interlink, Northampton 2005.
Fanon 1976 = F. Fanon, Opere scelte, 2, a cura di G. Pirelli, Einaudi, Torino 1976.
Farsakh 2012 = L. Farsakh, Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel, Routledge, New York 2012.
Farsakh 2015 = L. Farsakh, Apartheid, Israel and Palestinian Statehood, in I. Pappe (a cura di), Israel and South Africa, Zed Books, London 2015, pp. 161-187
Forman 2009 = G. Forman, A Tale of Two Regions, “Law & Social Inquiry”, 34, 3, 2009, pp. 671-711.
Friedmann 1975 = D. Friedmann, The Effect of Foreign Law on the Law of Israel, “Israel Law Review”, 10, 2, 1975, 192-206.
Godelier 1979 = M. Godelier, s.v., Lavoro, in Enciclopedia Einaudi, 8, Einaudi, Torino 1979, pp. 31-82.
Gramsci 1977 = A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Einaudi, Torino 1977.
Hackl 2017 = A. Hackl, Occupied Labour: The Treadmill of Palestinian Work in Israel, “The New Humanitarian”, 02.08.2017, https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/investigations/2017/08/02/occupied-labour-treadmill-palestinian-work-israel
Haddad 2020 = M. Haddad, Palestine and Israel: Mapping an annexation, “Al-Jazeera”, 26.06.2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/26/palestine-and-israel-mapping-an-annexation/
Heidegger 2015 = M. Heidegger, Essere e Tempo, Longanesi, Milano 2015.
Hilal 2017 = J. Hilal, Ripensare la Palestina, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 182-198.
Lemkin 1944 = R. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, Lawbook Exchange, Washington D. C. 1944.
Levinson 2011 = C. Levinson, Israel Has 101 Different Types of Permits Governing Palestinian Movement, “Hareetz”, 23.12.2011 https://www.haaretz.com/1.5222134
Lloyd, Wolfe 2017 = D. Lloyd, P. Wolfe, Le logiche del colonialismo di insediamento e il regime neoliberista, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 125-141.
Malkki 1992 = L. H. Malkki, National Geographic, “Cultural Anthropology”, 7, 1, 1992, pp. 24-44.
Marx 1978 = K. Marx, Il capitale, Einaudi, Torino 1978.
Mauss 2017 = M. Mauss, Le tecniche del corpo, Edizioni ETS, Pisa 2017.
Milestin 2010 = M. Milstein, The Challenge of al-Muqawama (Resistance) to Israel, “Strategic Assessment”, 12, 4, 2010, pp. 57-71.
Mitnick 2017 = J. Mitnick, Israel Built a Wall. But Palestinian Laborers Continue to Sneak Through Daily, “Los Angeles Times”, 14.7.2017, https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-palestinian-workers-israel-20170714-story.html
OCHA 2013 = Life in a “Firing Zone”. The Massafer Yatta Communities, OCHA OPT, Gerusalemme 2013.
Pappé 2008 = I. Pappé, La pulizia etnica della Palestina, Fazi, Roma 2008.
Pappe 2012 = I. Pappe, Shtetl Colonialism, “Settler Colonial Studies”, 2, 1, 2012, pp. 39-58.
Patel 2018 = Y. Patel, Decades-long Battle Continues, as Susiya Braces for More Israeli Demolitions, “MIDDLE EAST EYE”, 17.02.2018 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/decades-long-battle-continues-susiya-braces-more-israeli-demolitions
PCBS 2019a = Palestinian Labour Force Survey 2018, Annual Report, 2433, PBCS, Gerusalemme 2019.
PBCS 2019b = Population Final Results - Detailed Report Palestine ‒ Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017, PBCS, 2425, Gerusalemme 2019.
Peteet 2015 = J. Peteet, Camps and Enclaves, “Journal of Refugees Studies”, 29, 2, 2015, pp. 208-228.
Peteet 2017 = J. Peteet, Space and Mobility in Palestine, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis 2017.
Rashed, Short 2012 = H. Rashed, D. Short, Genocide and Settler Colonialism, “The International Journal of Human Rights”, 16, 8, 2012, pp. 1142– 1169.
Rijke, vanTeeffelen 2018 = A. Rijke, T. van Teeffelen, To Exist Is To Resist, “The Jerusalem quarterly”, 59, 2014, pp. 86-99.
Shulz, Hammer 2003 = H. Schulz, J. Hammer, The Palestinian Diaspora, Routledge, Londra 2003.
Sogge 2019 = E. L. Sogge, The Youth of Balata: A Generation of Hopelessness, “Jadaliyya”, 18.11.2019, https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/40236
Tatour 2019 = L. Tatour, The Culturalisation of Indigeneity, “The International Journal of Human Rights”, 23, 10, 2019, pp. 1569-1593.
Tilley 2011 = V. Tilley (a cura di), Beyond Occupation, Pluto Press, Londra 2011.
Turner 1986 = V. Turner, The Anthropology of Experience, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago 1986.
Turner 2015 = S. Turner, What Is a Refugee Camp?, “Journal of Refugee Studies”, 29, 2, 2015, pp. 139-148.
Veracini 2013 = L. Veracini, The Other Shift, “Journal of Palestine Studies”, 42, 2, 2013, pp. 26-42.
Warnier 2005 = J. Warnier, La cultura Materiale, Meltemi, Roma 2005.
White 2019 = B. White, The Settler Colonial Present, in A. Tartir, T. Seidel (a cura di), Palestine and Rule of Power, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham 2019, pp. 23-45.
Wolfe 2006 = P. Wolfe, Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native, “Journal of Genocide Research”, 8, 4, 2006, pp. 387-409.
Ziyon 2019 = Family Accuses PA of Poisoning Their Son to Death in Prison, “Elder of Ziyon”, 19.08.2018 http://elderofziyon.blogspot.com/2018/08/family-accuses-pa-of-poisoning-their.html
Sitografia
Mayeru Nablus 2018 = Mayeru Nablus,
احمد ناجي الزعبور ابن نابلس مخيم بلاطه, “Youtube”, 13.08.2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZkNtFzkm0c&feature=youtu.be, (ultimo accesso 09.11.2020).
OCHA - Area C = OCHA OPT, https://www.ochaopt.org/location/area-c, (ultimo accesso 17.11.2020).
Uttar/Toubas 2017 = Studio Uttar/Toubas,
من سهرة العريس ضياء مخيم بلاطه / الفنان حسنين المصري وستوديو أوتار / طوباس, 11.07.2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mi1pQMFkidE&feature=youtu.be, (ultimo accesso 15.11.2020).
UN 2008 = United Nations, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196200/, (ultimo accesso 15.11.2020).
Unesco 1995 = Israeli-Palestinian on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip Washington D.C., September 28, 1995, https://unsco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/israeli-palestinian_interim_agreement_on_the_west_bank_and_the_gaza_strip.pdf, (ultimo accesso 13.11.2020).
UNRWA FC = United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/fawwar-camp, (ultimo accesso 10.11.2020).
YOS FB = Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/youthofsumud/, (ultimo accesso 13.11.2020).
Filmografia
Abu-Assad 2013 = H. Abu-Assad, Omar, ZBROS, Palestina 2013 (98 minuti).
Agier 2002 = M. Agier, Between War and City, “Ethnography”, 3, 3, 2002, pp. 317-341.
Agier 2018 = M. Agier, La giungla di Calais, Ombre Corte, Verona 2018.
Angioni 1986 = G. Angioni, Il sapere della mano, Sellerio, Palermo 1986.
Angioni 2011 = G. Angoni, Fare, dire, sentire. L’identico e il diverso nelle culture, Il Maestrale, Nuoro 2011.
Appadurai 2014 = A. Appadurai, Il Futuro come fatto culturale, Raffaele Cortina, Milano 2014.
Arendt 1995 = H. Arendt, Che cos’è la politica?, Einaudi, Torino 1995.
Arendt 2012 = H. Arendt, Vita Activa, Bompiani, Milano 2012.
Awad 2018 = H. Awad, Khan al-Ahmar, “Jerusalem Quarterly”, 76, 2018, pp. 14-23.
Bartolomei 2017 = E. Bartolomei, Dieci comandamenti in una mano e la spade nell’altra, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 15-27.
Basso 2008 = L. Basso, Socialità e isolamento, Carocci, Roma 2008.
Bauman 2002 = Z. Bauman, In the Lowly Nowherevilles of Liquid Modernity, “Ethnography”, 3, 2002, pp. 343-349.
Beneduce 2010 = R. Beneduce, Corpi e saperi indocili, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2010.
Berda 2018 = Y. Berda, Living Emergency: Israel’s Permit Regime in the West Bank, Stanford University Press, Stanford 2018.
Braverman 2008 = I. Braverman, The Tree Is the Enemy Soldier, “Law & Society Review”, 42, 3, 2008, pp. 449-482.
Brandolini, Cipollone, Viviano 2004 = A. Brandolini, P. Cipollone E. Viviano, Does the ILO Definition Capture All Unemployment?, “Journal of the European Economic Association” , 4, 1, 2006, pp. 153-179.
BTS 2017 = The High Command, Breaking the Silence, Tel Aviv 2017.
Butler 2005 = J. Butler, La vita psichica del potere, Meltemi, Roma 2005.
Collins 2017 = J. Collins, Oltre il conflitto, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 100-124.
Cossu 2009 = T. Cossu, L'arca del tiranno, CUEC, Cagliari 2009.
Dabbagh 2005 = N. Dabbagh, Suicide in Palestine, Interlink, Northampton 2005.
Fanon 1976 = F. Fanon, Opere scelte, 2, a cura di G. Pirelli, Einaudi, Torino 1976.
Farsakh 2012 = L. Farsakh, Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel, Routledge, New York 2012.
Farsakh 2015 = L. Farsakh, Apartheid, Israel and Palestinian Statehood, in I. Pappe (a cura di), Israel and South Africa, Zed Books, London 2015, pp. 161-187
Forman 2009 = G. Forman, A Tale of Two Regions, “Law & Social Inquiry”, 34, 3, 2009, pp. 671-711.
Friedmann 1975 = D. Friedmann, The Effect of Foreign Law on the Law of Israel, “Israel Law Review”, 10, 2, 1975, 192-206.
Godelier 1979 = M. Godelier, s.v., Lavoro, in Enciclopedia Einaudi, 8, Einaudi, Torino 1979, pp. 31-82.
Gramsci 1977 = A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Einaudi, Torino 1977.
Hackl 2017 = A. Hackl, Occupied Labour: The Treadmill of Palestinian Work in Israel, “The New Humanitarian”, 02.08.2017, https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/investigations/2017/08/02/occupied-labour-treadmill-palestinian-work-israel
Haddad 2020 = M. Haddad, Palestine and Israel: Mapping an annexation, “Al-Jazeera”, 26.06.2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/26/palestine-and-israel-mapping-an-annexation/
Heidegger 2015 = M. Heidegger, Essere e Tempo, Longanesi, Milano 2015.
Hilal 2017 = J. Hilal, Ripensare la Palestina, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 182-198.
Lemkin 1944 = R. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, Lawbook Exchange, Washington D. C. 1944.
Levinson 2011 = C. Levinson, Israel Has 101 Different Types of Permits Governing Palestinian Movement, “Hareetz”, 23.12.2011 https://www.haaretz.com/1.5222134
Lloyd, Wolfe 2017 = D. Lloyd, P. Wolfe, Le logiche del colonialismo di insediamento e il regime neoliberista, in E. Bartolomei, D. Carminati e A. Tradardi (a cura di), Esclusi, DeriveApprodi, Roma 2017, pp. 125-141.
Malkki 1992 = L. H. Malkki, National Geographic, “Cultural Anthropology”, 7, 1, 1992, pp. 24-44.
Marx 1978 = K. Marx, Il capitale, Einaudi, Torino 1978.
Mauss 2017 = M. Mauss, Le tecniche del corpo, Edizioni ETS, Pisa 2017.
Milestin 2010 = M. Milstein, The Challenge of al-Muqawama (Resistance) to Israel, “Strategic Assessment”, 12, 4, 2010, pp. 57-71.
Mitnick 2017 = J. Mitnick, Israel Built a Wall. But Palestinian Laborers Continue to Sneak Through Daily, “Los Angeles Times”, 14.7.2017, https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-palestinian-workers-israel-20170714-story.html
OCHA 2013 = Life in a “Firing Zone”. The Massafer Yatta Communities, OCHA OPT, Gerusalemme 2013.
Pappé 2008 = I. Pappé, La pulizia etnica della Palestina, Fazi, Roma 2008.
Pappe 2012 = I. Pappe, Shtetl Colonialism, “Settler Colonial Studies”, 2, 1, 2012, pp. 39-58.
Patel 2018 = Y. Patel, Decades-long Battle Continues, as Susiya Braces for More Israeli Demolitions, “MIDDLE EAST EYE”, 17.02.2018 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/decades-long-battle-continues-susiya-braces-more-israeli-demolitions
PCBS 2019a = Palestinian Labour Force Survey 2018, Annual Report, 2433, PBCS, Gerusalemme 2019.
PBCS 2019b = Population Final Results - Detailed Report Palestine ‒ Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017, PBCS, 2425, Gerusalemme 2019.
Peteet 2015 = J. Peteet, Camps and Enclaves, “Journal of Refugees Studies”, 29, 2, 2015, pp. 208-228.
Peteet 2017 = J. Peteet, Space and Mobility in Palestine, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis 2017.
Rashed, Short 2012 = H. Rashed, D. Short, Genocide and Settler Colonialism, “The International Journal of Human Rights”, 16, 8, 2012, pp. 1142– 1169.
Rijke, vanTeeffelen 2018 = A. Rijke, T. van Teeffelen, To Exist Is To Resist, “The Jerusalem quarterly”, 59, 2014, pp. 86-99.
Shulz, Hammer 2003 = H. Schulz, J. Hammer, The Palestinian Diaspora, Routledge, Londra 2003.
Sogge 2019 = E. L. Sogge, The Youth of Balata: A Generation of Hopelessness, “Jadaliyya”, 18.11.2019, https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/40236
Tatour 2019 = L. Tatour, The Culturalisation of Indigeneity, “The International Journal of Human Rights”, 23, 10, 2019, pp. 1569-1593.
Tilley 2011 = V. Tilley (a cura di), Beyond Occupation, Pluto Press, Londra 2011.
Turner 1986 = V. Turner, The Anthropology of Experience, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago 1986.
Turner 2015 = S. Turner, What Is a Refugee Camp?, “Journal of Refugee Studies”, 29, 2, 2015, pp. 139-148.
Veracini 2013 = L. Veracini, The Other Shift, “Journal of Palestine Studies”, 42, 2, 2013, pp. 26-42.
Warnier 2005 = J. Warnier, La cultura Materiale, Meltemi, Roma 2005.
White 2019 = B. White, The Settler Colonial Present, in A. Tartir, T. Seidel (a cura di), Palestine and Rule of Power, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham 2019, pp. 23-45.
Wolfe 2006 = P. Wolfe, Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native, “Journal of Genocide Research”, 8, 4, 2006, pp. 387-409.
Ziyon 2019 = Family Accuses PA of Poisoning Their Son to Death in Prison, “Elder of Ziyon”, 19.08.2018 http://elderofziyon.blogspot.com/2018/08/family-accuses-pa-of-poisoning-their.html
Sitografia
Mayeru Nablus 2018 = Mayeru Nablus,
احمد ناجي الزعبور ابن نابلس مخيم بلاطه, “Youtube”, 13.08.2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZkNtFzkm0c&feature=youtu.be, (ultimo accesso 09.11.2020).
OCHA - Area C = OCHA OPT, https://www.ochaopt.org/location/area-c, (ultimo accesso 17.11.2020).
Uttar/Toubas 2017 = Studio Uttar/Toubas,
من سهرة العريس ضياء مخيم بلاطه / الفنان حسنين المصري وستوديو أوتار / طوباس, 11.07.2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mi1pQMFkidE&feature=youtu.be, (ultimo accesso 15.11.2020).
UN 2008 = United Nations, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196200/, (ultimo accesso 15.11.2020).
Unesco 1995 = Israeli-Palestinian on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip Washington D.C., September 28, 1995, https://unsco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/israeli-palestinian_interim_agreement_on_the_west_bank_and_the_gaza_strip.pdf, (ultimo accesso 13.11.2020).
UNRWA FC = United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/fawwar-camp, (ultimo accesso 10.11.2020).
YOS FB = Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/youthofsumud/, (ultimo accesso 13.11.2020).
Filmografia
Abu-Assad 2013 = H. Abu-Assad, Omar, ZBROS, Palestina 2013 (98 minuti).
Pubblicato
2020-12-30
Come citare
Ferino, M. (2020). Ibn al-Mukhayem: esclusione e soggettività dei rifugiati palestinesi in Cisgiordania. Medea, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.13125/medea-4422
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Copyright (c) 2020 Mattia Ferino
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