Forbidden to Sacrifice Humans or Eat Dogs: Revisiting the Tophet Debate though a Demographic Lens
Parole chiave:
Cartagine, Tofet, Sacrificio di neonati e bambini, Colonie fenicie
Abstract
Due to recent osteoarchaeological publications, prominent historians, archaeologists and osteologists have reignited the debate over the practice of infant and child sacrifice at Phoenician sites in the central Mediterranean. In all previous studies, including osteoarchaeological approaches, the debate has been conducted on terms established by the Greco-Roman sources. Here, I move away from those sources and suggest a series of demographic models in order to understand better the effects of infanticide on population growth at Phoenician colonies in the Early Iron Age central Mediterranean.
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Dussaud R. (1946), Précisions épigraphiques sur les sacrifices puniques d’enfants, Comptes-rendus des sé-ances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 90, 371-387.
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Engels D. (1980), The problem of female infanticide in the Greco-Roman world, Classical Philology, 75, 112-120.
Ennabli A. (1987), La campagne internationale de sauvegarde de Carthage. Fouilles et recherches ar-chéologiques 1973-1987. Premiers bilans, Comptes-rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 131, 407-438.
Famà M. (1997), Gli scavi recenti nell’abitato di Mozia: nuove prospettive di indagine alla luce dei primi ri-sultati della ricerca, in Seconde Giornate Internazionali di Studi sull’area Elima, (Gibellina, 22–26 ottobre 1994), Atti, Pisa, 643-654.
Février J.-G. (1953), Molchomor, Revue de l’histoire des Religions, 143, 8-18.
Fletcher R. (2006), The cultural biography of a Phoenician mushroom-lipped jug, Oxford Journal of Archae-ology, 25, 173-194.
Garnand B., Stager L., Greene J. (2012-2013), Infants as offerings: palaeodemographic patterns and tophet burial, Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico, 29-30, 193-222.
Geer R. (1954) [trans.], Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Volume X: Books 19.66-20, Cambridge.
González Wagner C. (1991), El sacrificio del Moloch en Fenicia : una respuesta cultural adaptativa a la pre-sion demografica, in Atti del II congresso internazionale di studi fenici e punici, Roma, 411-416.
Guirguis M. (2005), Storia degli studi e degli scavi a Sulky e a Monte Sirai, Rivista di Studi Fenici, 33, 13-29.
Harden D. (1937), The pottery from the Precinct of Tanit at Salammbo, Carthage, Iraq, 4, 59-90.
Harris W. (1982), The theoretical possibility of extensive infanticide in the Greco- Roman world, Classical Quarterly, 32, 114-116.
Heider G. (1985), The Cult of Molek: A Reassessment, New Haven.
Hin S. (2013), The Demography of Roman Italy. Population Dynamics in an Ancient Conquest Society 201 BCE – CE 14, Cambridge.
Hurst H., Stager L. (1978), A metropolitan landscape: the late Punic port of Carthage, World Archaeology, 9, 334-346.
Jacoby F. (1929), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Part II B, Berlin.
Kaufman B., Docter R., Fischer C., Chelbi F., Maraoui Telmini, B. (2016), Ferrous metallurgy from the Bir Massouda metallurgical precinct at Phoenician and Punic Carthage and the beginning of the North African Iron Age, Journal of Archaeological Science, 71, 33-50.
Lipiński E. (1988), Sacrifices d’enfants à Carthage et dans le monde sémitique oriental, in Studia Phoenicia VI: Carthago, Lipiński E. [ed.], Leuven, 151-185.
Lopez A., Salomon J., Ahmad O., Murray C., Mafat D., (2009), Life Tables for 191 Countries: Data, Methods and Results (=GPE Discussion Paper Series 9), Geneva.
Melchiorri V. (2009), Le tophet de Sulci (S. Antioco, Sardaigne). État des études et perspectives de la re-cherche, Ugarit-Forschungen, 41, 509-524.
Moscati S. (1987), Découvertes phéniciennes à Tharros, Comptes-rendus de Séances de l’Académie des In-scriptions et Belles-Lettres, 131, 483-503.
Moscati S. (1987b), Il sacrificio punico dei fanciulli: realta or invenzione?, Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei, 261, 3–15
Mura S. (2022), Ethical considerations in narratives of death: the case of the tophet, Kleos, 5, 19-43.
Niemeyer H. (1989), Los comienzos de Cartago y la expansión fenicia en el área Mediterránea, Gerión, 7, 11-40.
Niemeyer H., Docter R., Schmidt K. (2009) Die Hamburger Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus von Karthago, in Phönizisches und Punisches Städtewesen, Helas S., Marzoli D. [eds.], Mainz, 171-178.
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Pubblicato
2023-10-23
Fascicolo
Sezione
Saggi e studi
Copyright (c) 2023 Nathan L. Pilkington
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