Cartago en el contexto helenístico: procesos y consideraciones

  • Christian San José Universidad de Alcalá de Henares

Abstract

El siguiente trabajo pretende analizar la pertenencia de Cartago al mundo helenístico y a los parámetros helenizados. Para la consecución de dicho objetivo, Cartago será estratificada en diversos estadios restringidos donde pueda ser analizada y puesta en relación con el funcionamiento de las ciudades helenísticas. La especifidad de estas parcelas temáticas será: un análisis del comercio, subdividido a su vez en Evespérides y Sicilia, un estudio económico, una investigación urbanístico-arquitectónica, un examen numismático y algunas apreciaciones religiosas. De igual modo, se planteará, a priori, una definición de la cultura púnica y la civilización cartaginesa antes de la llegada del mundo helenístico y, a posteriori, una breve reflexión sobre la helenización de Cartago y unas concretas conclusiones.

Biografia autore

Christian San José, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares

BA en Historia Universidad de Alcalá de Henares

MA en Mediterráneo Antiguo Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Oberta de Cataluña y Alcalá de Henares 

Riferimenti bibliografici

Acquaro, E. (1995), I fenici, Cartagine e l´Egitto, Rivista di Studi Fenici, 23, 2, 183-189.

Alfaro Asins, C. (2000), La producción y circulación monetaria en el sudeste peninsular, en Los cartagineses y la monetización del Mediterráneo Occidental, García-Bellido, Mª. P., Callegarin, L. [eds], Madrid: (=Anejos del Archivo Español de Arqueología, XXII), 101-112.

Ameling, W. (2015), The rise of Carthage to 264 BC, en A companion to the Punic Wars, Hoyos, D. [ed.], Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 39-57.

Annelo, P. (2002), Siracusa e Cartagine, en La Sicilia dei due Dionisi, Atti della settimana di Agrigento (Roma, 24-29 febbraio, 1999), Bonacasa, N., Braccesi, L., De Miro, E. [eds], Roma: l'Erma di Bretschneider, 343-360.

Antonaccio, C. (2003), Hybridity and the cultures within greek culture, en The cultures within ancient greek cultures. Contact, conflict, collaboration, Dougherty, C., Kurke, L. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 57-74.

Archibald, Z., Davies, J., Gabrielsen, V., Oliver, G. (2001), Hellenistic economies, London: Routledge.

Archibald, Z., Davies, J., Gabrielsen, V. (2011). The economies of hellenistic societies, third to first centuries BC, Oxford: Oxford Uniersity Press.

Arengui Gascó, C., Ferrándiz Sánchez, J. V. (2018), More tan neighbours: punic-iberian connections in the southeast Iberia, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J.,Vella, N. C [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 243-256.

Aubet Semmler, M. E. (2009), Tiro y las colonias fenicias de Occidente, Barcelona: Bellaterra Arqueología.

Austin, M. (2006), The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the roman conquest, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bagnall, R., Derow, P. (2004), The hellenistic period. Historical sources in translation, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Barceló, P. (1994), The perception of Carthage in classical greek historiography, Acta Classica, 37, 1-14.

Barré, M. (1983), The God-List in the treaty between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedonia: a study in light of the Ancient Near Eastern treaty tradition, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Bechtold, B. (2007), Alcune osservazioni sui rapporti commerciali fra Cartagine, la Sicilia occidentale e la Campania (IV-metà del II sec. a. C.): nuovi dati basati sulla distribuzione di ceramiche campane e nordafricane/cartaginesi, Bulletin Antieke Beschaving, 82, 51-76.

Ben Younès, H., Ben Younès, A. W. (2018), Punic identiti in North Africa: the funerary world, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 148-168.

Bendala Galán, M. (2015), Hijos del rayo. Los Barca y el dominio cartaginés en Hispania, Madrid: Trébede.

Bendala Galán, M; Blánquez, J. (2002-2003), Arquitectura militar púnico-helenística en Hispania, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología, 28-29, 145-158.

Bennett, P., Wilson, A., Buzaian, A., Hamilton, K., Thorpe, D., Robertson, D., Zimi, E. (2000), Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2000 season, Libyan Studies, 31, 121-143.

Bennett, P., Wilson, A., Buzaian, A. (2001), Euesperides, the first Benghazi, en Archeology of the Roman Empire. A tribute to the life and workd of the professor Barri Jones, Oxford: (=BAR International Series, 940), 219-236.

Belfiore, V. (2016), Nuovi spunti di riflessione sulle lamine di Pyrgi in etrusco, en Le lamine di Pyrgi; nuovi studi sulle iscrizioni in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta, Bellelli, V., Xella, P. [eds], Verona: (=Ricerche storiche e filologiche sulle culture del Vicino Oriente e del Mediterraneo Antico), 103-134.

Bernardini, P. (2006), La Sardegna tra Cartagine e Roma: tradizioni puniche e ellenizzazione, Pallas, 70, 71-104.

Bickerman, E. (1944), An oath of Hannibal, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 75, 87-102.

Bilde, P., Engberg-Pedersen, T., Zahle, J., Hannestad, L. (1994). Centre and periphery in the Hellenistic World, Aarhus: (=Studies in Hellenistic Civilization, 4).

Billows, R. (2005), Cities, en A companion to the Hellenistic world, Erskine, A. [ed], Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 196-215.

Bondì, S. F. (1990-1991), L´eparchia punica in Sicilia. L´ordinamento giuridico, Kokalos, 36-37, 215-231.

Bondi, S. F. (2000), Nuove acquisizioni storiche e archeologiche sulla Sicilia fenicia e púnica, en Actas del IV Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos (Cádiz, 2-6 Octubre 1995), Barthélemy, M., Aubet Semmler, M. E. [coords], 83-89.

Bondi, S. F. (2018), Phoenicity, punicities, en the punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 58-68.

Bonnet, C. (2005), Carthage, l´ ”autre nation” dans l´historiographie ancienne et modern, Anabases, 1, 139-160.

Bonnet, C. (2006), Identité et altérité religieuses. À propos de l'hellénisation de Carthage, Pallas, 70, 365-379.

Bonnet, C. (2018), Phoenician identities in Hellenistic times: strategies and negotiations», en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 282-298.

Bourdin, S., Crouzet, S. (2009), Des italiens à Carthage? Réflexions à partir de quelques inscriptions puniques de Carthage, en L´onomastica dell´Italia antica: aspetti linguistici, stoici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Poccetti, P. [ed], Roma: (Ecole française de Rome, 413), 443-494.

Braudel, F. (1972), The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II, I, London: Harper Collins.

Braund, D. (2005), After Alexander: the emergence of the Hellenistic World 323-281, en A companion to the Hellenistic World, Erskine, A. [ed], Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 19-34.

Breckenridge, J. (1983), Hannibal as Alexander, the Ancient World, 3-4, 111-128.

Bremmer, J. (2014), Demeter and Eleusis in Megara, en Initiation into the Mysteries of the Ancient World, Bremmer, J. [ed], Berlin: De Gruyter, 166-179.

Bresson, A. (2011), Grain from Cyrene, en The economies of hellenistic societies, third to first centuries BC, Archibald Z. H., Davies, J. K., Gabrielsen, V. [eds], Oxford: Oxford University Press, 66-95.

Bridoux, V. (2018), Numidian and the punic world, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 180-201.

Burn, L. (1994), Hellenistic terracotta figures of Cyrenaica: greek influences and local inspirations, Libyan Studies, 25, 147-158.

Buttrey, T. (1994), Coins and coinage at Euesperides, Libyan Studies, 25, 137-145.

Buzaian, A., Lloyd, J. (1996), Early urbanism in Cyrenaica: new evidence from Euesperides (Benghazi), Libyan Studies, 27, 129-152.

Campo, M. (2000), La producción y circulación monetaria en el nordeste y levante peninsular, en Los cartagineses y la monetización del Mediterráneo Occidental, García-Bellido, Mª. P., Callegarin, L. [eds], Madrid: (=Anejos del Archivo Español de Arqueología, XXII), 89-100.

Camps, G. (1979), Les numides et la civilisation punique, Antiquités Africaines, 14, 43-53.

Carradice, I; La Niece, S. (1988). The Libyan War and Coinage: a New Hoard and the Evidence of Metal Analysis, the Numismatic Chronicle, 148, 33-52.

Cassola, F. (1983), Tendenze filopuniche e antipuniche in Roma, en Atti del I Congresso Internazionale di Studi Fenici e Punici, I, Roma: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35-59.

Casson, L. (1954), The grain trade of the Hellenistic world, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 84, 168-187.

Cebrián Sánchez, M. A. (2004), Moneda púnica de plata en la colección Sánchez Jiménez del Museo de Albacete, en El mundo púnico. Religión, antropología y cultura material, González Blanco, A., Matilla Séiquer, G., Egea Vivancos, A. [eds], Murcia: Publicaciones Universidad de Murcia, 195-198.

Chamoux, F. (2002 [1981]), Hellenistic civilization, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Chaniotis, A. (2005), The divinity of Hellenistic rulers, en A companion to the hellenistic world, Erskine, A. [eds], Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 431- 446.

Clarke, K. (1999), Between geography and history. Hellenistic construction of the roman world, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cohen, G. (2006), The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin and North Africa, Berkeley: University of Califronia Press.

Cohen, G. (2015), Polis hellenis, en East and West in the world empire of Alexander. Essays in honour of Brian Bosworth, Wheatley, P., Baynham, E. [eds], Oxford: Oxford University Press, 259-276.

Cole, S. G. (2004), Landscapes, gender and ritual space. The ancient greek experience, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Crawley Quinn, J. (2011), The cultures of the tophet: identification and identity in the phoenician diaspora, en Cultural identity in the Ancient Mediterranean, Gruen, E. S. [ed], Los Ángeles: Getty Research Institute, 388-413.

Crawley Quinn, J. (2016), Monumental power: “Numidian royal architecture” in context, en The Hellenistic West. Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Prag, J. P. W., Crawley Quinn, J. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 179-211.

Crawley Quinn, J. (2018), The Altars of the Philaeni, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 169-179.

Crouzet, S., Bourdin, S. (2009), Des italiens à Carthage? Réflexions à partir de quelques inscriptions puniques de Carthage, en L’onomastica dell’Italia antica. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Poccetti, P. [coord.], Roma: (=Collection de l´ecole française de Rome, 413), 443-494.

Curti, E., Dench, E., Patterson, J. (1996), The archaeology of central and southern roman Italy: recent trends and approaches, the Journal of Roman Studies, 86, 170-189.

Cutroni Tusa, A. (2000), La monetazione punica in Sicilia, Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, 47, 249-265.

Daniels, R. (1995), Punic influences in the domestic architecture of roman volubilis (Morocco), Oxford Journal of Archeology, 14, 1, 79-95.

Davies, J. (2001), Hellenistic economies in the post-Finley era, en Hellenistic economies, Archibald, Z., Davies, J., Gabrielsen, V., Oliver, G. [eds], London: Routledge, 7-44.

Davies, J. (2006), Hellenistic economies, en The Cambridge companion to the Hellenistic World, Bugh, G. R. [ed.], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 73-92.

De Frutos Reyes, G. (1991), Cartago y la política colonial. Los casos norteafricano e hispano, Sevilla: Editorial Gráficas Sol.

Del Olmo Lete, G. (1994), El continuum cultural cananeo. Pervivencias cananeas en el mundo fenicio-púnico», en El mundo púnico, historia, sociedad y cultura, Coloquios de Cartagena I (Cartagena, 17-19 noviembre 1990), González Blanco, A., Cunchillos Ilarri, J. L., Molina Martos, M. [eds], Murcia: Editorial Regional de Murcia, 61-86.

Desanges, J. (2007), Aspects de l´hellénisme dans l´Afrique du Nord Antique, la Méditerranée d'une rive à l'autre: culture classique et cultures périphériques. Actes du XVII colloque de la Villa Kérylos à Beaulieu-sur-Mer (20 y 21 octubre 2006), Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 167-184.

Di Vita, A. (1976), Il mausoleo punico-ellenistico B di Sabratha, Römische Abteilung, 83, 273-285.

Dietler, M. (1998), Consumption, Agency, and Cultural Entanglement: Theoretical Implications of a Mediterranean Colonial Encounter, en Studies in culture contact; interaction, culture, change and archeology, Cusick, J. G. [ed], Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations Southern Illinois University Press, 288-315.

Docter, R. (1999), The typology of Phoenician and Punic transport amphorae in the central and W. Mediterranean, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 12, 2, 485-492.

Domínguez Monedero, A. D. (2000), Monedas e identidad étnico-cultural de las ciudades de la Betica, en Los cartagineses y la monetización del Mediterráneo Occidental, Madrid: (=Anejos del Archivo Español de Arqueología, XXII), 59-74

Domínguez Petit, R. (2004), Fuentes literarias para la agricultura cartaginesa. El tratado de Magón, Habis, 35, 179-192.

Dougherty, C., Kurke, L. (2003), Introduction, en The cultures within ancient greek cultures. Contact, conflict, collaboration, Dougherty, C., Kurke, L. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-16.

Droysen, J. G. (1877-1878), Geschichte des Hellenismus, I, II y III, Ghota: Friedrich Andreas Barthes.

Elayi, J. (1981), The relations between Tyre and Carthage during the persian period, Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, 13, 1, 15-29.

Eriksen, T. H. (1993), Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives, Anthropology, Culture and Society, London: Pluto Press.

Erskine, A. (2005), A companion to the Hellenistic World, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Erskine, A. (2016), The view from the East, en The Hellenistic West. Rethnking the Ancient Mediterranean, Prag, J. R. W. y Crawley Quinn, J. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 14-34.

Espada Rodríguez, J. (2013), Los primeros tratados romano-cartagineses, Barcelona: (=Colección Instrumenta, 43).

Fahlander, F. (2007), Third space encounters: Hybridty, mimicry and interstitial practice, en Encounters, materialities, confrontations; archaeologies of social space and interaction, Cornell, P., Fahlander, F. [eds], Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, 15-41.

Fantar, M. (2004a), La présence grecque dans le paysage funéraire de Carthage, Africa Reppal, XIII, 113-118.

Fantar, M. (2004b), Propos sur la décoration dans l'architecture punique, Africa Reppal, XIII, 119-128.

Fedak, J. (1990), Monumental tombs of the Hellenistic Age: a study of selected tombs from the pre-classical to the early imperial era, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Fentress, E. (2016), Strangers in the city: élite communication in the Hellenistic central Mediterranean, en The Hellenistic West. Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Prag, J. P. W. Crawley Quinn, J. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 157-178.

Fentress, E., Docter, R. (2008), North Africa: rural settlement and agricultural production, en Rural landscapes of the punic world, Van Dommelen, P., Gómez Bellard, C. [eds], London: Equinox Publishing, 101-128.

Ferchiou, N. (1987), Deux témoignages de l'architecture religieuse et funéraire de la Carthage hellénistique, Rivista di Studi Fenici, 15, 1, 15-45.

Ferchiou, N. (1991), Stucs puniques hellénistiques de Carthage, en Herausgegeben vom Amt für Archäologische Bodendenkmalpflege der Archäologischen Gesellschaft und dem Römisch-Germanischen Museum (=Kölner jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, 24), Berlín: Verlag, 19-27.

Fernández Uriel, P., López Pardo, F., Guitíerrez González, R., Benguigui Levy, S. (2004), Monedas púnicas de Rus-Addir (Melilla), en El mundo púnico. Religión, antropología y cultura material, Estudios Orientales, 5-6, González Blanco, A., Matilla Séiquer, G., Egea Vivancos, A. [eds], Murcia: Publicaciones Universidad de Murcia, 183-193.

Ferrer Albelda, E. (1996), La España cartaginesa. Claves historiográficas para la historia de España, Sevilla: Editorial Universidad de Sevilla.

Ferrer Albelda, E; García Fernández, F. J. (2007), El fenómeno de la polis en el mundo púnico occidental, en Las aguas primigenias. El Próximo Oriente Antiguo como fuente de civilización, Actas del IV Congreso español de Antiguo Oriente Próximo (Zaragoza, 17 a 21 octubre 2006), Justel, J. J., Solans, B. E., Vita, J. P., Zamora, J. Á. [eds], Zaragoza: Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo, 653-667.

Finley, M. (1999 [1979]), The ancient economy, California: University of California press.

Francisi, M. T. (1991), Gli elementi architettonici delle stele puniche, en Atti del II Congresso Internazionale sulle Studi Fenici e Punici, Roma: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 863-874.

Frey-Kupper, S. (2006), Aspects de la production et de la circulation monetaires en Sicile (300-180 av. J.-C.): continuités et ruptures, Pallas, 70, 27-56.

Frey-Kupper, S. (2018), Coins and their use in the Punic Mediterranean: case studies from Carthage to Italy from the fourth to the first century BCE, en The punic mediterranean, identities and identification from Phoenician settlements to the roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Camrbidge university Press, 76-110.

Fulford, M. (1989), To East and West: the Mediterranean trade of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in antiquity, Libyan Studies, 20, 169-191.

Fumadó Ortega, I. (2009), Cartago, historia de la investigación, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

Fumadó Ortega, I. (2013), Cartago fenicio-púnica, arqueología de la froma urbana, Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla.

Fumado Ortega, I. (2015), La ciudad de Cartago a mediados del siglo II a. C., Desperta Ferro, 31, 32-37.

Garbati, G. (2003), Sul culto di Demetra nella Sardegna punica, en Mutuare, interpretare, tradurre: storie di culture a confronto, Atti del II Incontro “Orientalisti” (Roma, 11-13 diciembre 2002), Regalzi, G. [ed], Roma: Associazione Orientalisti, 127-143.

Garbati, G, (2008), Religione votiva. Per un'interpretazione storico-religiosa delle terrecotte votive nella Sardegna punica e tardo-punica, Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore.

García Bellido, Mª. P. (2006), La moneda “militar” en el proceso de helenización de Iberia durante la Segunda Guerra Púnica, Pallas, 70, 289-309.

García Bellido, Mª. P. (2012), Los retratos de la dinastía bárquida en las monedas de Iberia, en Remedios, S., Prados, F., Bermejo, J. [eds], Aníbal de Cartago, historia y mito, Madrid: Ediciones Polifemo, 431-455.

García Bellido, Mª. P. (2013), El nacimiento del retrato monetario en Occidente: la familia Bárquida, en Bendala Galán, M., Pérez Ruíz, Mª., Escobar, I. [coords], Fragor hannibalis: Aníbal en Hispania, Madrid: Museo Arqueológico Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid, 175-207.

García Coca, V. (2012), La ciudad en época de Aníbal: urbanismo y arquitectura en la Cartago helenística, en Aníbal de Cartago, historia y mito, Remedios, S., Prados, F., Bermejo, J. [eds], Madrid: Ediciones Polifemo, 71-98.

Gillen, D. (2018), The latin Alexander: constructing roman identity, en Brill´s companion to the reception of Alexander the Great, Moore, K. R. [ed], Leiden-Boston: Brill, 304-324.

Goldsworthy, A. (2000), The fall of Carthage, London: Phoenix.

Green, P. (1980), Alexander to Actium. The historical evolution of the Hellenistic Age, California: University of California Press.

Gruen, E. (2006), Greeks and non-greeks, en The Cambridge companion to the Hellenistic World, Bugh, G. R. (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 295-314.

Gruen, E. (2011), Rethinking the other in antiquity, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Gsell, S. (1913), Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du nord, I, Paris: Librairie Hachette.

Gsell, S. (1920), Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du nord, IV, Paris: Librairie Hachette.

Gómez Bellard, C. (2003), Historia del paisaje agrario. La agricultura fenicio-púnica en el Mediterráneo, Valencia: Universidad de Valencia.

Gómez Espelosín, F. J. (2005), Exploraciones y descubrimientos en Occidente en la obra de Polibio, en Polibio y la Península Ibérica, Torregaray Pagola, E., Santos Yanguas, J. [coords], Bilbao: Universidad de País Vasco, 113-139.

González Wagner, C. (1999), Fenicios y púnicos en el norte de África y en el Mediterráneo occidental, en Blázquez, J. Mª., Alvar, J., Gónzalez Wagner, C. [eds], fenicios y cartagineses en el Mediterraneo, Madrid: Cátedra, 451-654.

Gónzalez Wagner, C. (2013), Cartago, la ciudad de Aníbal, en Fragor hannibalis. Aníbal en Hispania, Bendala Galán, B. [ed], Alcalá de Henares: Museo Arqueológico Regional, 83-106.

Goodchild, R. G. (1952), Euesperides, a devastated city site, Antiquity, 101, 208-212.

Göransson, K. (2007), The transport amphorae from Euesperides. The maritime trade of Cyrenaican city 400-250 BC, Lund: Lunds Universitet (=Acta Archeologica Lundesia, 4, 25).

Hall, J. (1997), Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hall, J. (2002), Hellenicity: between ethnicity and culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hall, J. (2003),”Culture” or “cultures”? Hellenism in the late sixth century, en The cultures within ancient greek cultures. Contact, conflict, collaboration, Dougherty, C., Kurke, L. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23-34.

Haroun Abdelhamed, M. (2018), Legume production at Cyrene in the Hellenistic period: epigraphic evidence, Libyan Studies, 49, 159-169.

Hassine Fantar, M. (1993), Carthage approche d'une civilisation, Túnez: Alif Editions de la Méditerranée.

Hassine Fantar, M. (1998a), À propos de la presence des grecs à Carthage, Antiquités Africaines, 34, 11-19.

Hassine Fantar, M. (1998b), De l´agriculture à Carthage, en l´Africa romana, Atti del XII Convegno di studio (Sassari, 12-15 diciembre 1996), Khanoussi, M., Ruggeri, P., Vismara, C. [eds], Sassari: Pubblicazioni del Dipartimento di Storia dell'Università degli Studi di Sassari, 113-121.

Hayes, P., Mattingly, D. (1995), Preliminary report on fieldwork at Euesperides (Benghazi) in October 1994, Libyan Studies, 26, 83-96.

Hinz, V. (1998), Der Kult Von Demeter Und Kore Auf Sizilien Und in Der Magna Graecia, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag (=Palila, 4).

Hobsbawn, E. (2002), Introducción: la invención de la tradición, en La invención de la tradición, Hobsbawn, E., Ranger, T. [eds], Barcelona: Crítica, 7-21.

Horden, P., Purcell, N. (2000), The corrupting sea. A study of mediterranean history, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

Howard carter, T. (1963), Reconnaissance in Cyrenaica, Expedition, 5, 18-27.

Hoyos, D. (2010), The carthaginians, Nueva York: Routledge.

Hoyos, D. (2011), The outbreak of war, en A companion to the Punic Wars, Hoyos, D. [ed], Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 131-166.

Hunt, P. (2009), The locus of Carthage: compounding geographical logic, the African Archeological Review, 26, 2, 137-154.

Hurst, H. (1993), Le port militaire de Carthage, Les Dossiers d´Archéologie, 183, 42-51.

Huss, W. (1990), Los cartagineses, Madrid: Gredos.

James, P. (2005), Archaic greek colonies in Libya: historical vs archeological chronologies, Libyan Studies, 36, 1-20.

Jiménez Flores, A. Mª., Oria Segura, M., García Morillo, Mª. C. (2011), Imágenes para Melqart. La iconografía del santuario de Hércules gaditano, en Cultos y ritos en al Gadir fenicia, Marín Ceballos, Mª. C. (coord.), Cádiz-Sevilla: Universidad de Cázid y Universidad de Sevilla, 133-141.

Jones, G. D. B. (1983), Excavations at Tocra and Euhesperides, Cyrenaica, 1968-1969, Lybian Studies, 14, 109-121.

Jones, G. D. B. (1985), Beginnings and endings in Cyrenaican cities», en Cyrenaica in Antiquity, Barker, G. [ed], Oxford: (=Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers, 1), 27-41.

Jones, G. D. B; Little, J. H. (1971), Coastal settlement in Cyrenaica, Journal of Hellenistic Studies, 61, 64-79.

Jourdan-Annequin, C. (1989), De l´espace de la cite à l´espace symbolique. Héraclès en Occident, Dialogues d´Histoire Ancienne, 15, 31-48.

Kallala, N. (2015), Carthage and the local libian-numidian population, en Carthage, fact and myth, Docter, R., Boussoffara, R., Keurs, P. [eds], Leiden: Sidestone Press, 68-73.

Katzenstein, J. (1979), Tyre in the early persian period (539-486 B. C. E.), the Biblical Archeologist, 42, 1, 23-34.

Kraeling, C. (1962), Ptolemais. City of the Libyan pentapolis, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (=University of Chicago Oriental Institute, XC).

Krandel-Ben Younès, A. (2002), La présence punique en pays numide, Túnez: Institut National du Patrimoine.

Krings, V. (1994), La civilisation phénicienne et punique, Brill: Leiden (=Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1, the Near and Middle East, 20).

Krings, V. (2008), Rereading punic agriculture: representation, analogy and ideology in the classical sources, en Rural landscapes of the punic world, Van Dommelen, P., Gómez Bellard, C. [eds], London: Equinox Publishing, 22-43.

Lancel, S. (1985), La renaissance de la Carthage punique. Réflexions sur quelques enseignements de la campagne internationale patronnée par l'Unesco, comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 129, 4, 727-751.

Lancel, S. (1994). Cartago, Barcelona: Crítica.

Lancel, S., Robine, G., Thuillier, J. P. (1980), Town planning and domestic architecture of the early second century B. C. on the Byrsa, Carthage, en New light on ancient Carthage, Griffiths Pedley, J. [ed], Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 13-27.

Lane Fox, R. (2010), The first hellenistic man, en Creating a Hellenistic World, Erskine, A., Llewellyn Jones, L. [eds], Swansea: the Classical Press of Wales, 1-29.

Laronde, A. (1987), Cyrène et la Libye hellénistique; Libykai Historiai de l’époque républicaine au principat d’Auguste, París: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Laronde, A. (1990), Greeks and libyans in Cyrenaica, en Greek colonists and native populations, proceedings of the I Australian Congress of Classical Archaeology held in honour of Emeritus Professor A. D. Trendall (Sydney, 9-14 Julio 1985), Descoeudres, J. P. [ed], Oxford: Clarendon Press, 169-180.

Lee, I. (2000), Entella: The Silver Coinage of the Campanian Mercenaries and the Site of the First Carthaginian Mint 410-409 BC, Numismatic Chronicle, 160, 1-66.

Leo, M. (1989), Punic coinage on the eve of the first war against Rome – a reconsideration, Studia Phoenicia, 10, 5-14.

Ling, R. (1991), Hellenistic and graeco roman art, en The Oxford history of Greece and the Hellenistic World, Boardman, J., Griffin, J., Murray, O. [eds], Oxford: Oxford University Press, 447-473.

Lipinski, E. (1995), Dieux et deesses de l'univers phenicien et punique, Leuven: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta (=Studia Phoenicia, 14,)

Lloyd, J., Buzaian, A., Coulton, J. (1995), Excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi), 1995, Libyan Studies, 26, 97-100.

Lloyd, J., Bennett, P., Buttrey, T., Buzaian, A., El Amin, H., Fell, V., Kashbar, G., Morgan, G., Ben Nasser, Y., Roberts, P., Wilson, A., Zimi, E. (1998), Excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi): an interim report n the 1998 season, Libyan Studies, 29, 145-168.

López-Betran, M. (2007), Ritualizando cuerpos y paisajes. Un análisis antropológico de los ritos fenicio-púnicos, Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra.

López Castro, J. L. (1997), Los héroes civilizados: Melqart y Heracles en el extremo Occidente, en Héroes y antihéroes en la Antigüedad clásica, Alvar, J., Blázquez, J. Mª. [eds], Madrid: Cátedra, 55-68.

López Castro, J. L. (2004), La identidad étnica de los fenicios occidentales, en Identidades étnicas – identidades políticas en el mundo prerromano hispano, Cruz Andreotti, G., Mora, B. [eds], Málaga: Universidad de Málaga, 147-167.

López Castro, J. L. (2007), Abdera y Baria. Dos ciudades fenicias en el extremo sureste de la Península Ibérica, en Las ciudades fenicio-púnicas en el Mediterráneo Occidental, López Castro, J. L. [ed], Almeria: Universidad de Almería (=Centro de Estudios Fenicio y Púnicos, 7), 157-186.

Lund, A. (2005), Hellenentum und Hellenizität: Zur Ethnogenese und zur Ethnizität der antiken Hellenen, Historia, 54, 1, 1-17.

Macdonald, E. (2018). Hannibal, a Hellenistic life, Yale: Yale University Press.

Magnetto, A. (2018), Interstate arbitration as a feature of the Hellenistic polis: between ideology, international law and civic memory, en The polis in the Hellenistic World, Börm, H., Luraghi, N. [eds], Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 85-107.

Mahjoubi, A., Fantar, M. H. (1996), Une nouevelle inscription carthaginoise, Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche dell'Accademia dei Lincei, VIII, 2, 1, 201-209.

Manfredi, L. I. (2000), Produzione e circolazione delle monete puniche nel sud dell´Italia e nelle isole del Mediterráneo Occidentale (Sicilia e Sardegna), en Los cartagineses y la monetización del Mediterráneo Occidental, García-Bellido, Mª. P., Callegarin, L. [eds], Madrid: (=Anejos del Archivo Español de Arqueología, XXII), 11-22.

Manfredi, L. I. (2016), Le monete della Sicilia punica. Considerazioni e nuove prospettive di ricerca, en Nomismata. Studi di Numismatica Antica, Tusa, S., Sole, L. [eds], Ragusa: Edizioni di Storia e Studi social, 223-237.

Manganaro, G. (1992), Per la cronologia delle emissioni a leggenda Libyôn, Numismatique et histoire économique phéniciennes et puniques. Actes du Colloque tenu à Louvain-la-Neuve (Leuven, 13-16 mayo 1987), Leuven: (=Studia Phoenicia, 9), 93-106.

Medas, S. (2000), La marineria cartaginese: le navi, gli uomini, la navigazione, Sassari: Carlo Delfino editore (=Sardegna Archeologica Scavi e Ricerche, 2).

Melliti, K. (2006), Religion et hellénisme à Carthage: la politique aristocratique à l'épreuve, Pallas, 70, 381-394.

Melliti, K. (2010), Religion, politique et hellénisme à Carthage: aproches historiques, en Semitica et Classica, Roudillard-Bonraisin, H. [ed], Turnhout: Brepols (=Semitica et classica, revue internationale d´études orientales et méditerranéennes, III), 91-98.

Malcom Errington, R. (2008), A history of the Hellenistic World 323-30 BC, Oxford: Blakwell Publishing.

Mildenberg, L. (1992), The mint of the first Carthaginian coins, en Florilegium Numismaticum. Studia in honorem U. Westermark, Stockholm: Svenska numismatiska Foreningen, 289–293.

Millar, F. (2006), Rome, the Greek World and the East, III, Studies in the history of Greece and Rome, Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.

Momigliano, A. (1970), J. G. Droysen between greeks and jews, History and Theory, 9, 2, 139-153.

Mora Serrano, B. (2000), Las fuentes de la iconografía monetal fenicio-púnica, en Los cartagineses y la monetización del Mediterráneo Occidental, (=Anejos del Archivo Español de Arqueología, XXII), 157-168.

Mora Serrano, B (2007), Sobre el uso de la moneda en las ciudades fenicio-púnicas de la Península Ibérica, en Las ciudades fenicio-púnicas en el Mediterráneo Occidental, López Castro, J. L. [ed], Almeria: Universidad de Almería (=Centro de Estudios Fenicio y Púnicos, 7), 405-438

Moscati, S. (1963), La questione fenicia, Rendiconti dell´Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 8, 18, 483-506.

Moscati, S. (1974), Problemática della civiltà fenicia, Roma: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (=Studi Semitici 15).

Moscati, S. (1988), Fenicio o punico o cartaginese, Rivista di Studi Fenici, 16, 3-13.

Moscati, S. (1993), Dall´età fenicia all età cartaginese, Rendiconti dell´Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 9, 4, 203-215.

Morel, J. P. (2000), Quelques remarques sur l'économie phénico-punique dans ses aspects agraires, en Actas del IV Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos, Barthélemy. M., Aubet Semmler, Mª. E. [coords], Cádiz: Universidad de Cádiz, 411-423.

Moret, P. (2006), Architecture indigène et modèles hellénistiques: les amigüités du cas ibérique, Pallas, 70, 207-227.

Moret, P. (2013), Las fortificaciones bárquidas en la Península Ibérica, Desperta Ferro, 17, 38-43.

Nicgorski, A. (2005), The magic knot of Herakles, the propaganda of Alexander the Great and Tomb II at Vergina, en Herakles and Hercules. Exploring a graeco-roman divinity, Rawlings, L., Bowden, H. [eds], Wales: Classical Press of Wales, 97-128.

Nitschke, J. (2013), Interculturality in image and cult in the Hellenistic East: Tyrian Melqart revisited, en Shifting social imaginaries in the Hellenistic period. Narratios, practices and images, Stavrianopoulou, E. [ed], Leiden-Boston: Leiden, 253-282.

Oliver, G. (2018), People and cities: economic horizons beyond the Hellenistic polis, en The polis in the Hellenistic world, Ancient History, Börm, H., Luraghi, N. [eds], Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 159-179.

Ordóñez Fernández, R. (2011), La crisis del siglo VI a. C. en las colonias fenicias del occidente mediterráneo: contracción económica, concentración poblacional y cambio cultural, Oviedo: Universidad de Oviedo.

Orsingher, A. (2013), The Hellenisation of the Punic World: a View from the Tophet, Proceedings of the XVI Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (Florencia, 1-3 marzo 2012), Bombardieri, L., D´Agostino, A., Guarducci, Guido., Orsi, V., Valentini, S. [eds], Oxford: (=BAR International Series, 2581, II), 693-701.

Osanna, M., Torelli, M. (2006), Sicilia ellenistica, consuetudo italica: alle origini dell´architettura ellenistica d´Occidente, Complesso monumentale di S. Nicolp (Pisa, 5-7 novembre 2004), Roma y Pisa: (=Biblioteca di Sicilia Antiqua, I).

Palmer, R. (1997), Rome and Carthage at peace, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, (Historia Einzelschriften, 113).

Papi, E. (2018), Punic Mauretania?, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J. Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 202-218.

Paterson, J. (2005), Hellenistic economies: the case of Rome, en Hellenistic economies, Archibald, Z. H., Davies, J., Gabrielsen, V., Oliver, G. J. [eds], London: Routledge, 270-278.

Pena, Mª. J. (1996), El culto a Deméter y Core en Cartago, aspectos iconográficos, Faventia, 18, 1, 39-55.

Peri, C. (2003), Demetra e Core nella religione punica, en Mutuare, interpretare, tradurre: storie di culture a confront, Atti del II Incontro “Orientalisti” (Roma, 11-13 diciembre 2002), Regalzi, G. [ed], Roma, 145-154.

Picard, C. (1967), Thèmes hellénistiques sur les stèles de Carthage, Antiquités Africaines, 1, 9-30.

Picard, G. C. (1983), Les sources de l´iconographie hellénistique à Carthage, en Atti Del I Congresso Internazionale Di Studi Fenici E Punici I (Roma, 5-10 noviembre 1979), Roma: Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, 725-729.

Picard, G. C. (1984), Demeter et Kore à Carthage – problèmes d´iconographie, Kokalos, 28-29, 187-194.

Picard, G. C., Picard, C. (1961), Daily life in Carthage at the time of Hannibal, London: George Allen and Unwin LTD.

Picard, G. C., Picard, C. (1968), The life and death of Carthage, London: Sidgwick and Jackson.

Piccaluga, G. (1987), Fondare Roma, domare Cartagine, en Atti Del I Congresso Internazionale Di Studi Fenici E Punici I (Roma, 5-10 noviembre 1979), Roma: Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, 409-424.

Potter, D. (2005), Hellenistic religion, en Erskine, A. [ed], A companion to the Hellenistic World, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 407-430.

Prados Martínez, F., Blánzquez Pérez, J. J. (2007), Las fortificaciones coloniales en la Península Ibérica: De los modelos orientales a los sistemas púnico-helenísticos, en Paisajes fortificados de la edad del hierro. Las murallas protohistóricas de la meseta y la vertiente atlántica en su contexto europeo, Actas del coloquio celebrado en la Casa de Velázquez (Madrid, octubre 2006), Berrocal Rangel, L., Moret, P. [eds], Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia Casa de Velázquez, 57-74.

Prag, J. (2010), Siculo-Punic Coinage and Siculo-Punic Interactions, Bolletino di Archeologia online, 330, 1-10.

Prag, J. (2018), Phoinix and Poenus: usage in antiquity, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11-23.

Prag, J., Crawley Quinn, J. (2016). The Hellenistic West. Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Raffone, L. (2001), Per una lettura di P.Oxy. XXIV 2399 sulla campagna d'Africa di Agatocle e la situazione politica di Siracusa, Minima Epigraphica et Papyrologica, 4, 209-228.

Ramón, J. (1995), Las ánforas fenicio-púnicas del Mediterráneo central y occidental, Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona.

Rawlings, L. (2005), Hannibal as Hercules, en Herakles and Hercules. Exploring a graeco-roman divinity, Rawlings, L., Bowden, H. [eds], Wales: Classical Press of Wales, 153-184.

Reger, G. (2005), The economy, en A companion to the Hellenistic World, Erskine, A. [ed], Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 331-353.

Redissi, T. (2015), Egyptian influence in Carthage, en Carthage, fact and myth, Docter, R., Boussoffara, R., Keurs, P. [eds], Leiden: Sidestone Press, 56-59.

Robinson, E. S. G. (1943), The coinage of the Libyans and kindred Sardinian issues, Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, Sixth Series, 3, 1/4, 1-13.

Robinson, E. S. G. (1953), A hoard of the Libyans, Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, Sixth Series, 13, 27-32.

Roppa, A. (2018), Identifying punic Sardinia: local communities and cultural identities, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J., Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 257-281.

Rostovtzeff, M. I. (1941), The social and economic history of the Hellenistic World, II, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Said, E. (1977). Orientalism, London: Penguin Books.

Savalli, I. (1985), I neocittadini nelle città ellenistiche: Note sulla concessione e l'acquisizione della “politeia”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 34, 4, 387-431.

Scardigli, B. (1991), I trattati romano-cartaginesi, relazioni interstatali nel mondo antico, Pisa: Scuola normale superior, (=Fonti e studi, 5).

Sensi Sestito, G. (2008), Cartagine e la Magna Grecia in età dionisiana. Il ruolo di Ipponio, Fenici e italici, cartagine e la Magna Grecia. Popoli a contatto, culture a confronto, Atti del Convegno Internazionale Cosenza (Roma, 27-28 mayo 2008), Intrieri, M., Ribichini, S. [coords], Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore, 29-50.

Shipley, G. (1993), Distance, development, decline? World-systems analysis and the “hellenistic” world, en Centre and periphery in the Hellenistic World, Bilde, P. [ed], Aahrus: Aarhus University Press (=Studies in Hellenistic Civilization, 4), 271-284.

Spencer, D. (2002), The roman Alexander, Exeter: University of Exeter Press.

Stavrianopoulou, E. (2013), Hellenistic world(s) and the elusive concept of “greekness”, en Shifting social imaginaries in the hellenistic period, narrations, practices and images, Stavrianopoulou, E. [ed], Leiden-Boston: Brill, 177-206.

Stocks, C. (2014), The Roman Hannibal: Remembering the Enemy in Silius Italicus Punica, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

Svenbro, J., Scheid, M. J. (1985), Byrsa. La ruse d´Élisa et la fondation de Carthage, Annales: economies, sociétés, civilisations, 40, 2, 328-342.

Swift, K. (2018), Ceramics, clays and classification in Cyrenaica, Libyan Studies, 49, 81-91.

Telmini, B. M., Docter, R., Bechtold, B., Chelbi. F.,Van de Put, W. (2018), Defining punic Carthage, en The punic mediterranean. Identities and identification from phoenician settlement to roman rule, Crawley Quinn, J.,Vella, N. C. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 113-147.

Thonemann, P. (2013), The Hellenistic world. Using coins as sources, Guides to the coinage of the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Thonemann, P. (2018), The Hellenistic Age. A very short introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Toynbee, A. J. (1969), Some Problems of Greek History, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Tsirkim, Y. (2000), El problema de la helenización de Cartago, en Actas del IV Congreso internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos III (Cádiz, 2 al 6 de octubre de 1995), Barthélemy, M. y Aubet Semmler, Mª. E. [Coords], 1233-1235.

Tusa, V. (1995), Greci e punici, en Les Grecs et l’Occident. Actes du colloque de la Villa «Kérylos» (Roma, 1991), Vallet, G. [ed.], Roma: École Française de Rome, 19-28.

Van Dommelen, P., Gómez Bellard, C. (2008), Rural landscapes of the Punic World, London: Equinox Publishing, (=Monographs in mediterranean archeology, 11).

Van Dommelen, P. (2008), Defining the punic world and its rural context, en Rural landscapes of the Punic World, Van Dommelen, P., Gómez Bellard, C. [eds], London: Equinox Publishing, (=Monographs in mediterranean archeology, 11), 1-21.

Van Dommelen, P., López-Bertran, M. (2016), Hellenism as subaltern practice: rural cults in the punic world, en The Hellenistic West, rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Prag. J. R. W. Crawley Quinn, J. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 273-299.

Versluys, M. J. (2017), Visual style and constructing identity in the Hellenistic World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vickers, M., Gill, D., Economou, M. (1994), Euesperides: the rescue of an excavation, Libyan Studies, 25, 125-136.

Villaronga, L. (1973), Las monedas hipano-cartaginesas, Barcelona: Cooperativa Grafica Derosense.

Visonà, P. (1998), Carthaginian coinage in perspective, American Journal of Numismatics, 10, 1-27.

Visonà, P. (2009), Tradition and innovation in carthaginian coinage during the Second Punic War, Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau, 88, 173-184.

Von Hase, F. W. (1993), Il buccheri estrusco a Cartagine, en Produzione artigianale ed esportazione nel mondo antico; il bucchero etrusco, Atti del Colloquio Internazionale (10-11 mayo 1990), Jovino, Mª. B. [ed], Milán: Milano Edizioni ET, 187-194.

Walbank, F. W. (1957), A historical commentary on Polybius, Oxford: Oxford at the Claredon Press.

Walbank, F. W. (1967), A historical commentary on Polybius, Oxford: Oxford t the Claredon Press.

Walbank, F. W. (1984), The Cambridge Ancient history, VII, I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wallace-Hadrill, A. (2008), Rome´s cultural revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Warmington, B. H. (1969), Cartago, Barcelona: Luis de Caralt.

Whittaker, C. R. (1978), Carthaginian imperialism in the fifth and fourth centuries, en Imperialism in the Ancient World, Garnsey, P., Whittaker, C. R. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 59-90.

Wilson, A. (2003), Une cité grecque de Libye: fouilles d'Euhespéridès (Benghazi), Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 147, 4, 1647-1675.

Wilson, A. (2006), New Light on a Greek City: Archaeology and History at Euesperides, en Cirenaica: studi, scavi e scoperte, Atti del X Convegno di Archeologia Cirenaica (Chieti, 24-26 Noviembre 2003), Fabricotti, F., Menozzi, O. [eds], Oxford: (=BAR International Series, 1488), 141- 152.

Wilson, A. (2016), Trading across the Syrtes: Euesperides and the punic world, en The Hellenistic West, rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Prag, J. R. W., Crawley Quinn, J. [Eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 120-156.

Wilson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Ebbinghaus, S., Hamilton, K., Kattenberg, A., Zimi, E. (1999), Urbanism and economy at Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the 1999 season, Libyan Studies, 30, 147-168.

Wilson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Fell, V., Göransson, K., Green, C., Hall, C., Helm, R., Kattenberg, A., Swift, K., Zimi, E. (2001), Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2001 season, Libyan Studies, 32, 155-177.

Wilson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Buttrey, T., Göransson, K., Hall, C., Kattenberg, A., Scott, R., Swift, K., Zimi, E. (2002), Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2002 season, Libyan Studies, 33, 85-123.

Wilson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Buttrey, T., Fell, V., Found, B., Göransson, K., Guinness, A., Hardy, K., Helm, R., Kattenberg, A., Morley, G., Swift, K., Wootton, W., Zimi, E. (2003), Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2003 season, Libyan Studies, 34, 191-228.

Wlson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Fell, V., Found, B., Göransson, K., Guiness, A., Hardy, J., Harris, K., Helm, R., Kattenberg, A., Megías, E., Morley, G., Murphy, A., Swift, K., Twyman, J., Wootton, W., Zimi, E. (2004), Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2004 season, Libyan Studies, 35, 149-190.

Wilson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Found, B., Göransson, K., Guinness, A., Hardy, J., Holman, J., Kattenberg, A., Morley, G., Al-Mugasbi, M., Swift, K., Williams, A., Wootton, W., Zimi, E. (2005), Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2005 season, Libyan Studies, 36, 135-182.

Wilson, A., Bennett, P., Buzaian, A., Chertich, L., Found, B., Göransson, K., Holman, J., Lane, R., Morley, G., Russell, B., Swift, K., Williams, Alys., Zimi, E. (2006), Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2006 season, Libyan Studies, 37, 117-157.

Wolf, S. (2004), Punic amphoras in the Eastern Mediterranean, en Transport amphorae and trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens (Atenas, 26-29 Septiembre 2002), Eiring, J., Lund, J. [eds], Atenas: Danish Institute at Athens.

Wright, G. R. H. (1998), Euesperides 1952-54. Recollections of a forgotten excavation, en La Cirenaica in età antica, Atti del convegno internazionale di studi (Macerata, 18-20 mayo 1995), Catani, E., Marengo, S. M. [Eds], Macerata, 613-622.

Xella, P. (1969), Sull´introduzione del culto di Demetra e Kore a Cartagine, Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni, 40, 215-228.

Xella, P. (2008), I fenici e gli “altri”, en Greci e punici in Sicilia tra V e IV secolo a. C., Congiu, M., Miccichè, C., Modeo, S., Santagati, S. [eds], Caltanisetta: Salvatore Sciascia Editore, 69-79.

Yarrow, L. M. (2016), Heracles, coinage and the West: three Hellenistic case-studies, en The Hellenistic West, rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Prag, J. R. W. Crawley Quinn, J. [eds], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 348-366.

Yorke, R., Davidson, D. (2017), The Harbour at Ptolemais: Hellenistic City of the Libyan Pentapolis, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 46, 1, 48-71.

Zangara, A. (2003), L´historiographie hellénistique et romaine de langue grecque: II siècle av. J.-C. – IV siècle ap. J. –C. État des recherches 1990-2002, Pallas, 63, 167-187.

Zimi, E., Göransson, K., Swift, K. (2019), Pottery and trade at Euesperides in Cyrenaica: an overview, Libyan Studies, 50, 21-33.

Zimmermann, K. (2001), Zur Münzprägung 'Der Libyer' während des Söldnerkrieges, en Dans Punica –Libyca – Ptolemaica, Geus, K., Zimmermann, K. [eds], Louvain-La Nueve: Geburtstag dargebracht von Schülern, (=Festschrift für W. Huß, Zum 65), 235-252.

Pubblicato
2021-05-25
Fascicolo
Sezione
Saggi e studi