Scalarity of French deverbal units. A functional approach
Keywords:
Deverbal units, scalarity, French, Linguistics, Philology
Abstract
This article submits a philological and Discourse-based approach to deverbal units. Applied to French language, the study examines to what extent ant-forms (such as suivant, concernant and durant) appear in contemporary linguistic uses as units with a variable verbal consistency. The purpose of the paper consists in demonstrating how the specific features of this category meet a scalar phenomenon, depending on the fact that these elements occur respectively as gerunds, present participles, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or operators. After a brief introduction, the article exposes the outlines of the Dik’s functional approach and exemplifies the scalarity trough the cases of partant and disant. The discussion touches upon some borderline cases, and the conclusion puts forward four assumptions for an application of the scalarity hypothesis (SH) in other perspectives.
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References
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Ašić, Tijana V.; Bardiere, Yves M.; Grujić Tatjana S.; Torterat, Frédéric (2017), ‘Da, pour and to clauses in gradually teleonomic verb constructions. A comparative approach to Serbian, French and English’, Јужнословенски филолог [Juznoslovenski filolog] 73 (1-2), 9-32.
Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999), Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Harlow, Essex, Pearson Education.
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Caudal, Patrick; Nicolas, David (2005), ‘Types of degrees and types of event structures’, in Maienborn, Claudia; Wöllstein, Angelika (eds.), Event Arguments: Foundations and Applications, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 277-300.
Cruse, Alan (2000), Meaning in language, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
De Clerck, Bernard; Colleman, Timothy; Willems, Dominique (2013), ‘Introduction : A multifaceted approach to verb classes’, Linguistics 51 (4), 663-680.
Desclés, Jean-Pierre (1990), Langages applicatifs, langues naturelles et cognition, Paris, Hermes.
Dik, Simon C. (1978), Functional Grammar, Dordrecht, Foris.
Dik, Simon C. (1989), The Theory of Functional Grammar. Part 1 : The structure of the clause, Dordrecht, Foris.
Dik, Simon C. (1990), ‘How to build a natural language user’, in Hannay, Mike; Vester, Elseline (eds.), Working with Functional Grammar, Dordrecht, Foris, 203-215.
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Diller Anthoni (2005), ‘Rumfitt’s Theory of Predication’, Comm. to the Fifth European Congress for Analytic Philosophy (ECAP5), Lisbon, 27th-31st of August 2005,.
Dubois, Jean (1962), Etude sur la dérivation suffixale en français moderne et contemporain, Paris, Larousse.
Fábregas, Antonio; Marín, Rafael (2012), ‘The role of Aktionsart in deverbal nouns. State nominalizations across languages’, Journal of Linguistics 48 (1), 35-70.
Féron, Corinne; Coltier, Danielle (2013), ‘Etude de cas: soi-disant’, Pratiques. Linguistique, littérature, didactique 159-160, 275-293.
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Hannay, Mike (1998), The Utterance as unit of description: implications for Functional Grammar, Amsterdam, Publications de l’Université Libre d’Amsterdam.
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Haspelmath, Martin (2016), ‘The Serial Verb Construction: Comparative Concept and Cross-linguistic Generalizations’, Language & linguistics 17 (3), 291-319.
Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard (eds.) (1995), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms-adverbial participles, gerunds (Vol. 13), Berlin-New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.
Hengeveld, Kees (1997), ‘Cohesion in Functional Grammar’, in Connolly, John H.; Vismans, Roel M.; Butler, Christopher; Gatward, Richard (eds.), Discourse and Pragmatics in Functional Grammar, Berlin-New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 1-16.
Hengeveld, Kees; Mackenzie, J. Lachland (2006), ‘Functional Discourse Grammar’, in Brown, Keith (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Volume 6, Oxford, Elsevier, 668-676.
Henrichsen, Arne-Johan J. (1967), ‘Quelques remarques sur l’emploi des formes verbales en -ant en français moderne’, Revue Romane 2, 97-107.
Huyghe, Richard; Marín, Rafael (2007), ‘L‘héritage aspectuel des noms déverbaux en français et en espagnol’, Faits de Langues 30, 265-274.
Kacprzak, Alicja (1988), ‘Suffixes -eur et -ant, opposition arbitraire ou significative? (avec quelques aperçus sur les suffixes des noms d’agent polonais)’, Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica 19, 175-184.
Kerleroux, Françoise (2008), ‘Des noms indistincts’, in Fradin, Bernard (ed.), La raison morphologique. Hommage à la mémoire de Danielle Corbin, Lingvisticæ Investigationes Supplementa, 27, Amsterdam, Benjamins, 113-132.
Kiefer, Ferenc (1998), ‘Les substantifs déverbaux événementiels’, Langages 131, 56-63.
Kor-Chahine, Irina; Torterat, Frédéric (2006), ‘Infinitif et impératif de narration en français et en russe’, L’information grammaticale 109 (1), 45-51.
Lanwer, Jens Philipp (2017), ‘Apposition: A multimodal construction? The multimodality of linguistic constructions in the light of usage-based theory’, Linguistics Vanguard 3 (s1), (accessed 10/10/2022).
Leeman, Danielle (ed.) (2003), Approches syntaxiques contemporaines, Thematic Issue of the review Linx (48).
McLaughlin, Mairi (2017), Syntactic Borrowing in Contemporary French: A Linguistic Analysis of News Translation, London, Routledge (ebook).
Meinschaefer, Judith (2005), ‘Event-oriented adjectives and the semantics of deverbal nouns in Germanic and Romance. The role of boundedness and the mass/count distinction’, in Thornton, Anha; Grossmann, Maria (eds.), La formazione delle parole, Atti del XXXVII Congresso internazionale della Società di Linguistica Italiana (L’Aquila, 25-27 settembre 2003), Roma, Bulzoni, 355-368.
Méleuc, Serge (1996), ‘Des verbes aux noms en -ant [+hum]’, Linx 34-35, 97-110.
Plénat, Michel (2005), ‘Brèves remarques sur les déverbaux en -ette’, in Lambert, Aliette; Nølke, Henning (eds.), La syntaxe au coeur de la grammaire. Recueil offert en hommage pour le 60e anniversaire de Claude Muller, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 245-258.
Rainer, Franz (2022), ‘Origin and development of the suffix-ARÍA in Romance’, Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138 (1), 1-64.
Reinhart, Tanya; Siloni, Tal (2005), ‘The Lexicon-Syntax Parameter: Reflexivization and other Arity Operations’, Linguistic Inquiry 36 (3), 389-436.
Reinhart, Tanya (2002), ‘The Theta System: an Overview’, Theoretical Linguistics 28 (3), 229-290.
Rijkhoff, Jan (2002), ‘Verbs and nouns from a cross-linguistic perspective’, Rivista di Linguistica 14 (1), 115-147.
Roy, Isabelle; Soare, Elena (2012), ‘L’enquêteur, le surveillant et le détenu: les noms déverbaux de participants aux événements, lectures événementielles et structure argumentale’, Lexique 20, 207-231.
Roy, Isabelle; Soare, Elena (2014), ‘Les noms d’humains dérivés de participes: nominalisations en - ant et -é/i/u’, SHS Web of Conferences 8, 3197-3208.
Samardžija-Grek, Tatjana (2017), ‘L'adjectif déverbal dans les textes scientifiques en français’, in Pavelin Lešić, Bogdanka (ed.), Francontraste 3: structuration, langage et au-delà. Tome 2, Sciences du langage, Actes du Colloque Francontraste 2016, Troisième colloque francophone international de l’Université de Zagreb (8-10 avril 2016), Mons, CIPA, 347-362.
Samardžija-Grek, Tatjana; Torterat, Frédéric (forthcoming), ‘Les déverbaux composés en disant. Approche diachronique’, Études diachroniques 2.
Torterat, Frédéric (2000), ‘Hypothèses sur une jonction implicite en ancien et en moyen français’, Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 95 (1), 183-202.
Torterat, Frédéric (2010), Approches grammaticales contemporaines. Constructions et Opérations, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia Bruylant.
Torterat, Frédéric (2012), ‘Les Participes, l'infinitif et le gérondif, entre scalarité et rattachement (+ / - local)’, Studii de Linguistică 2, 169-210.
Torterat, Frédéric (2016a), ‘Approche discursiviste des emplois du gérondif’, in Ledgeway, Adam; Cennamo, Michela; Mensching, Guido (eds.), Actes du XXVIIe Congrès international de linguistique et de philologie romanes (Nancy, 15-20 juillet 2013). Section 4: Syntaxe, 4, Nancy, ATILF, 488-499.
Torterat, Frédéric (2016b), ‘Dimensions discursives des faits grammaticaux: le cas des périphrases verbales’, in Guță, Ancuta; Popescu, Mihaela Cecilia; Teodorescu, Cristiana-Nicola (eds.), Actes du Colloque des 50 ans de français à l’Université de Craiova (1966-2016), Tome I. Perspectives Linguistiques et Lexicographiques, Craiova, Editura Universitaria, 252-264.
Torterat, Frédéric (2016c), ‘Périphrases verbales, co-verbes, amas verbaux: présupposés épistémologiques d’une terminologie plurielle’, L’Information grammaticale 150, 28-35.
Torterat, Frédéric (2017), ‘Quelques apports de la Grammaire de Dik (1997a, b) pour l’analyse comparative’, Filološki pregled: časopis za stranu filologiju [Revue de Philologie] 44 (1), 131-148.
Torterat, Frédéric (2018), ‘Intégration des traits de topicalité dans l'analyse grammaticale (aspects linguistiques et didactiques)’, Nasledje 40, 199-210.
Traugott Closs, Elizabeth; Trousdale, Graeme (2010), ‘Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization: How do they intersect?’, in Traugott Closs, Elizabeth; Trousdale, Graeme (eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization, Typological studies in language 90, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 19-44.
Van Valin, Robert D.; LaPolla, Randy J. (1997), Syntax. Structure, meaning and function, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Van Valin, Robert D. (1999), ‘Generalized semantic Roles and the syntax-semantics interface’, in Corblin, Francis; Dobrovie-Sorin, Carmen; Marandin, Jean-Marie (eds.), Empirical Issues in formal syntax and semantics 2, Selected papers from the Colloque de syntaxe et sémantique de Paris (CSSP 1997), Peter Lang, Thesus, 373-389.
Alexiadou, Artemis (2001), Functional structure in nominals. Nominalization and ergativity, Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Andersen, Thomas Hestbæk; Holsting Møller, Alexandra Emilie (2018), ‘Clause complexing in systemic functional lingustics – towards an alternative description’, Functional Linguistics 5, 10,
Ašić, Tijana V.; Bardiere, Yves M.; Grujić Tatjana S.; Torterat, Frédéric (2017), ‘Da, pour and to clauses in gradually teleonomic verb constructions. A comparative approach to Serbian, French and English’, Јужнословенски филолог [Juznoslovenski filolog] 73 (1-2), 9-32.
Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999), Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Harlow, Essex, Pearson Education.
Bisang, Walter (1995), ‘Verb serialization and converbs: differences and similarities’, in Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard (eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms-adverbial participles, gerunds. Volume 13, Berlin-Boston, De Gruyter Mouton, 137-188.
Brinton, Laurel J. (1995), ‘The Aktionsart of Deverbal Nouns in English’, in Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Bianchi, Valentina; Higginbotham, James; Squartini, Mario (eds.), Temporal Reference, Aspect and Actionality, Torino, Rosenberg and Sellier, 27-42.
Caudal, Patrick; Nicolas, David (2005), ‘Types of degrees and types of event structures’, in Maienborn, Claudia; Wöllstein, Angelika (eds.), Event Arguments: Foundations and Applications, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 277-300.
Cruse, Alan (2000), Meaning in language, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
De Clerck, Bernard; Colleman, Timothy; Willems, Dominique (2013), ‘Introduction : A multifaceted approach to verb classes’, Linguistics 51 (4), 663-680.
Desclés, Jean-Pierre (1990), Langages applicatifs, langues naturelles et cognition, Paris, Hermes.
Dik, Simon C. (1978), Functional Grammar, Dordrecht, Foris.
Dik, Simon C. (1989), The Theory of Functional Grammar. Part 1 : The structure of the clause, Dordrecht, Foris.
Dik, Simon C. (1990), ‘How to build a natural language user’, in Hannay, Mike; Vester, Elseline (eds.), Working with Functional Grammar, Dordrecht, Foris, 203-215.
Dik, Simon C. (1997a), The Theory of Functional Grammar. Part 1 : The structure of the clause, Berlin-New York, Mouton De Gruyter.
Dik, Simon C. (1997b), The Theory of Functional Grammar. Part 2 : Complex and Derived Constructions, Berlin-New York, Mouton De Gruyter.
Diller Anthoni (2005), ‘Rumfitt’s Theory of Predication’, Comm. to the Fifth European Congress for Analytic Philosophy (ECAP5), Lisbon, 27th-31st of August 2005,
Dubois, Jean (1962), Etude sur la dérivation suffixale en français moderne et contemporain, Paris, Larousse.
Fábregas, Antonio; Marín, Rafael (2012), ‘The role of Aktionsart in deverbal nouns. State nominalizations across languages’, Journal of Linguistics 48 (1), 35-70.
Féron, Corinne; Coltier, Danielle (2013), ‘Etude de cas: soi-disant’, Pratiques. Linguistique, littérature, didactique 159-160, 275-293.
François, Jacques (ed.) (2013), L’Architecture des théories linguistiques, les modules et leurs interfaces (Mémoires de la SLP, 20), Louvain, Peeters.
Gaeta, Livio (2015), ‘Action Nouns in Romance’, in Müller, Peter O.; Olsen, Susan; Rainer, Franz (eds.), Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe, Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science, 40.2, II. Berlin-New York, Mouton De Gruyter, 1165-1185.
Gràcia, Lluïsa; Riera, Laura (2003), ‘A propos des noms déverbaux avec le suffixe -era du catalan’, Cahiers de grammaire 28, 153-161.
Grimshaw, Jane (1990), Argument Structure, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
Hannay, Mike (1998), The Utterance as unit of description: implications for Functional Grammar, Amsterdam, Publications de l’Université Libre d’Amsterdam.
Haspelmath, Martin (2011), ‘The gradual coalescence into “words” in grammaticalization’, in Heine, Bernd; Narrog, Heiko (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 342-355.
Haspelmath, Martin (2016), ‘The Serial Verb Construction: Comparative Concept and Cross-linguistic Generalizations’, Language & linguistics 17 (3), 291-319.
Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard (eds.) (1995), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms-adverbial participles, gerunds (Vol. 13), Berlin-New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.
Hengeveld, Kees (1997), ‘Cohesion in Functional Grammar’, in Connolly, John H.; Vismans, Roel M.; Butler, Christopher; Gatward, Richard (eds.), Discourse and Pragmatics in Functional Grammar, Berlin-New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 1-16.
Hengeveld, Kees; Mackenzie, J. Lachland (2006), ‘Functional Discourse Grammar’, in Brown, Keith (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Volume 6, Oxford, Elsevier, 668-676.
Henrichsen, Arne-Johan J. (1967), ‘Quelques remarques sur l’emploi des formes verbales en -ant en français moderne’, Revue Romane 2, 97-107.
Huyghe, Richard; Marín, Rafael (2007), ‘L‘héritage aspectuel des noms déverbaux en français et en espagnol’, Faits de Langues 30, 265-274.
Kacprzak, Alicja (1988), ‘Suffixes -eur et -ant, opposition arbitraire ou significative? (avec quelques aperçus sur les suffixes des noms d’agent polonais)’, Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica 19, 175-184.
Kerleroux, Françoise (2008), ‘Des noms indistincts’, in Fradin, Bernard (ed.), La raison morphologique. Hommage à la mémoire de Danielle Corbin, Lingvisticæ Investigationes Supplementa, 27, Amsterdam, Benjamins, 113-132.
Kiefer, Ferenc (1998), ‘Les substantifs déverbaux événementiels’, Langages 131, 56-63.
Kor-Chahine, Irina; Torterat, Frédéric (2006), ‘Infinitif et impératif de narration en français et en russe’, L’information grammaticale 109 (1), 45-51.
Lanwer, Jens Philipp (2017), ‘Apposition: A multimodal construction? The multimodality of linguistic constructions in the light of usage-based theory’, Linguistics Vanguard 3 (s1),
Leeman, Danielle (ed.) (2003), Approches syntaxiques contemporaines, Thematic Issue of the review Linx (48).
McLaughlin, Mairi (2017), Syntactic Borrowing in Contemporary French: A Linguistic Analysis of News Translation, London, Routledge (ebook).
Meinschaefer, Judith (2005), ‘Event-oriented adjectives and the semantics of deverbal nouns in Germanic and Romance. The role of boundedness and the mass/count distinction’, in Thornton, Anha; Grossmann, Maria (eds.), La formazione delle parole, Atti del XXXVII Congresso internazionale della Società di Linguistica Italiana (L’Aquila, 25-27 settembre 2003), Roma, Bulzoni, 355-368.
Méleuc, Serge (1996), ‘Des verbes aux noms en -ant [+hum]’, Linx 34-35, 97-110.
Plénat, Michel (2005), ‘Brèves remarques sur les déverbaux en -ette’, in Lambert, Aliette; Nølke, Henning (eds.), La syntaxe au coeur de la grammaire. Recueil offert en hommage pour le 60e anniversaire de Claude Muller, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 245-258.
Rainer, Franz (2022), ‘Origin and development of the suffix-ARÍA in Romance’, Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138 (1), 1-64.
Reinhart, Tanya; Siloni, Tal (2005), ‘The Lexicon-Syntax Parameter: Reflexivization and other Arity Operations’, Linguistic Inquiry 36 (3), 389-436.
Reinhart, Tanya (2002), ‘The Theta System: an Overview’, Theoretical Linguistics 28 (3), 229-290.
Rijkhoff, Jan (2002), ‘Verbs and nouns from a cross-linguistic perspective’, Rivista di Linguistica 14 (1), 115-147.
Roy, Isabelle; Soare, Elena (2012), ‘L’enquêteur, le surveillant et le détenu: les noms déverbaux de participants aux événements, lectures événementielles et structure argumentale’, Lexique 20, 207-231.
Roy, Isabelle; Soare, Elena (2014), ‘Les noms d’humains dérivés de participes: nominalisations en - ant et -é/i/u’, SHS Web of Conferences 8, 3197-3208.
Samardžija-Grek, Tatjana (2017), ‘L'adjectif déverbal dans les textes scientifiques en français’, in Pavelin Lešić, Bogdanka (ed.), Francontraste 3: structuration, langage et au-delà. Tome 2, Sciences du langage, Actes du Colloque Francontraste 2016, Troisième colloque francophone international de l’Université de Zagreb (8-10 avril 2016), Mons, CIPA, 347-362.
Samardžija-Grek, Tatjana; Torterat, Frédéric (forthcoming), ‘Les déverbaux composés en disant. Approche diachronique’, Études diachroniques 2.
Torterat, Frédéric (2000), ‘Hypothèses sur une jonction implicite en ancien et en moyen français’, Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 95 (1), 183-202.
Torterat, Frédéric (2010), Approches grammaticales contemporaines. Constructions et Opérations, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia Bruylant.
Torterat, Frédéric (2012), ‘Les Participes, l'infinitif et le gérondif, entre scalarité et rattachement (+ / - local)’, Studii de Linguistică 2, 169-210.
Torterat, Frédéric (2016a), ‘Approche discursiviste des emplois du gérondif’, in Ledgeway, Adam; Cennamo, Michela; Mensching, Guido (eds.), Actes du XXVIIe Congrès international de linguistique et de philologie romanes (Nancy, 15-20 juillet 2013). Section 4: Syntaxe, 4, Nancy, ATILF, 488-499.
Torterat, Frédéric (2016b), ‘Dimensions discursives des faits grammaticaux: le cas des périphrases verbales’, in Guță, Ancuta; Popescu, Mihaela Cecilia; Teodorescu, Cristiana-Nicola (eds.), Actes du Colloque des 50 ans de français à l’Université de Craiova (1966-2016), Tome I. Perspectives Linguistiques et Lexicographiques, Craiova, Editura Universitaria, 252-264.
Torterat, Frédéric (2016c), ‘Périphrases verbales, co-verbes, amas verbaux: présupposés épistémologiques d’une terminologie plurielle’, L’Information grammaticale 150, 28-35.
Torterat, Frédéric (2017), ‘Quelques apports de la Grammaire de Dik (1997a, b) pour l’analyse comparative’, Filološki pregled: časopis za stranu filologiju [Revue de Philologie] 44 (1), 131-148.
Torterat, Frédéric (2018), ‘Intégration des traits de topicalité dans l'analyse grammaticale (aspects linguistiques et didactiques)’, Nasledje 40, 199-210.
Traugott Closs, Elizabeth; Trousdale, Graeme (2010), ‘Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization: How do they intersect?’, in Traugott Closs, Elizabeth; Trousdale, Graeme (eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization, Typological studies in language 90, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 19-44.
Van Valin, Robert D.; LaPolla, Randy J. (1997), Syntax. Structure, meaning and function, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Van Valin, Robert D. (1999), ‘Generalized semantic Roles and the syntax-semantics interface’, in Corblin, Francis; Dobrovie-Sorin, Carmen; Marandin, Jean-Marie (eds.), Empirical Issues in formal syntax and semantics 2, Selected papers from the Colloque de syntaxe et sémantique de Paris (CSSP 1997), Peter Lang, Thesus, 373-389.
Published
2022-12-31
How to Cite
Torterat, F. (2022). Scalarity of French deverbal units. A functional approach. Rhesis. International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature, 13(1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.13125/rhesis/5709
Section
Articoli
