Bergtagning: la leggenda del rapimento nella montagna nelle ballate e nei racconti popolari svedesi
Keywords:
bergtagning, medieval ballads, folktales, Scandinavian folklore, supernatural
Abstract
The Swedish term bergtagning means ‘abduction into the mountain’ and indicates a popular belief, whose first literary evidence is in a skaldic poem dating back to the 12th century. According to the legend, the mountain could magically abduct people who were wandering among woods, keeping them prisoner forever or setting them free in a deeply changed state of mind. This motif is the subject of many oral folk tales, recorded in rural areas of Sweden during the 19th century, and it also recurs in several ballads written in the 19th but belonging to ancient oral traditions that date back to the Middle Ages. The bergtagning motif is deeply rooted in the popular culture; references and allusions to ancient lore occur in numerous literary works even in modern times. This article aims to analyse how the phenomenon is described in some of the contexts in which it occurs: folk tales and medieval ballads, and, in order to understand its roots in popular culture, in Norse sagas and skaldic poetry.
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References
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Ciklamini, Marlene (2008), ‘Folklore and hagiography in Arngrímr’s Guðmundar saga Arasonar’, Fabula. Zeitschrift für Erzählforschung XLIX, 1-18.
Colbert, David; Isaacson, Lanae H.; Vésteinn Ólason; Bø, Olav; Jansson, Sven-Bertil (1993), Ballads, in Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, New York, Routledge, 29-34.
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Einar Ólafur Sveinsson; Matthías Þórðarson (útg.) (1935), Eyrbyggja saga, Íslenzk fornrit IV, Reykjavík, Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Eliade, Mircea (1959), The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.
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Ibsen, Henrik (1908), Peer Gynt, in Id., Samlede vaerker. Mindeudgave, 2, Kristiania, Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag, 163-304.
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Jonsson, Bengt R.; Jersild, Margareta; Jansson, Sven-Bertil (utg.) (1983), Sveriges Medeltida Ballader. Band 1: Naturmytisk visa, Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell.
av Klintberg, Bengt (1972), Svenska folksägner, Stockholm, Norstedts.
Koch, Ludovica (1984), Gli scaldi. Poesia cortese di epoca vichinga, Torino, Einaudi.
Koch, Ludovica (ed. e trad.) (1987), Beowulf, Torino, Einaudi.
Kvideland, Reimund; Sehmsdorf, Henning K. (eds.) (1988), Scandinavian Folks Belief and Legend, Oslo, Norwegian University Press.
Kålund, Kristian (udg.) (1906-1911), Sturlunga saga efter membranen Króksfjarðarbók, udfyldt efter Reykjarfjarðarbók, 1, København, Gyldendal.
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Lindow, John (1989), ‘Continuity in Swedish Legends’, Scandinavian Studies, 61 (4), 375-403.
Lindow, John (2014), Trolls. An Unnatural History, Padstow, TJ International.
Lundell, Johan August (utg.) (1881), ‘Förord’, in Sagor, sägner, legender, äfventyr ock skildringar af folkets lefnadssätt [specialutgåva], Svenska Landsmål ock Svenskt Folkliv, E, 3-7.
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Marold, Edith (ed.) (2012), Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal 2, in Whaley, Diana (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1, Turnhout, Brepols, 10.
McKinnel, John (2005), Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend, Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer.
Müller-Wille, Michael (1993), Burial Mounds and Burial Practices, in Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, New York, Routledge, 58-60.
Olrik, Axel; Grüner-Nielsen, Hakon (udg.) (1966), Danmarks gamle folkeviser, VIII-IX, København, Gyldenska.
Rafn, Carl Christian (útg.) (1829a), Hervarar Saga, in Id., Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda, I, Kaupmannahöfn, Prentadar í Enni Poppsku prentsmidju, 409-512.
Rafn, Carl Christian (útg.) (1829b), Örvar-Odds saga, in Id., Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda, II, Kaupmannahöfn, Prentadar í Enni Poppsku prentsmidju, 143-254.
Schjødt, Jens Peter (2012), ‘Wilderness, Liminality, and the Other in Old Norse Myth and Cosmology’, in Feldt, Laura (ed.), Wilderness in Mythology and Religion. Approaching Religious Spatialities, Cosmologies and Ideas of Wild Nature, Boston-Berlin, De Gruyter, 183-204.
Skórzewska, Joanna A. (2011), Constructing a Cult. The Life and Veneration of Gudmundr Arason (1161–1237) in the Icelandic Written Sources, Leiden-Boston, Brill.
Slay, Desmond (ed.) (1960), Hrólfs saga kraka, Editiones Arnamagnæanæ B I, Copenhagen, Munksgaard.
Snorri Sturluson (ed. Faulkes, Anthony 1998), Edda: Skáldskaparmál. 1, Introduction, Text and Notes, London, Viking Society for Northern Research, University College.
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Stefán Karlsson (útg.) (1983), Guðmundar sögur biskups I. Ævi Guðmundar biskups Guðmundar saga A, Kaupmannahöfn, Reitzel.
Stefán Karlsson; Magnús Hauksson (útg.) (2018), Guðmundar sögur biskups: Guðmundar saga B, Kaupmannahöfn, Museum Tusculanum Press.
Ström, Eva (1979), Steinkind, Stockholm, Alba.
von Sydow, Carl Wilhelm (1934), Kategorien der Prosa-Volkdichtung, in Seemann, Erich; Schewe, Harry (Hrsg.), Volkskundliche Gaben, John Meier zum siebzigsten Geburtstage dargebracht, Berlin-Leipzig, Walter de Gruyter, 253-268.
Sävborg, Daniel (2016), ‘Are the Trolls Supernatural? Some Remarks on the Terminology for Strange Beings in Old Norse Literature’, AION Sezione germanica 26 (1-2), 119-129.
Sävborg, Daniel (2018), ‘The Icelander and the Trolls: The Importance of Place’, in Valk, Ülo; Sävborg, Daniel (eds.), Storied and Supernatural Places: Studies in Spatial and Social Dimensions of Folklore and Sagas, Helsinki, Finnish Literature Society/ SKS (Studia Fennica Folkloristica 23), 194-205.
Villani, Bruno (2017), ‘Nature and the Other between Folktro and Asa tro’, AION Sezione germanica 27 (1-2), 181-204.
Wigström, Eva (utg.) (1881), Folkdiktning: visor, folktro, sägner, och en svartkonstbok, Göteborg, Hedlund.
Åström, Elis (1962), Folktro och folkliv i Östergötland, Uppsala, Lundequistska Bokh.
Ármann Jakobsson (2018), ‘Horror in the Medieval North: The Troll’, in Corstorphine, Kevin; Kremmel, Laura R. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook to Horror Literature, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 33-43.
Benedictsson, Victoria; Lundegård, Axel Wilhelm (1890), Den Bergtagna. En kärlekens tragedie, Stockholm, Haeggström.
Benedictsson, Victoria (2008), ‘Den Bergtagna’, in Witt-Bratström, Ebba (red.), Victoria Benedictsson, Ord och Liv, 1, Stockholm, Bokförlaget Atlantis, 99-142.
Blom, Ådel Gjøstein; Bø, Olav (udg.) (1981), Norske balladar i oppskrifter frå 1800-talet, Oslo, Det Norske Samlaget.
Chesnutt, Michael (1993), Folklore, in Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, New York, Routledge, 203-205.
Ciklamini, Marlene (2008), ‘Folklore and hagiography in Arngrímr’s Guðmundar saga Arasonar’, Fabula. Zeitschrift für Erzählforschung XLIX, 1-18.
Colbert, David; Isaacson, Lanae H.; Vésteinn Ólason; Bø, Olav; Jansson, Sven-Bertil (1993), Ballads, in Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, New York, Routledge, 29-34.
D’Angelo, Francesco (2019), ‘Nanum in petra persequitur nec redisse dicitur. Il motivo del bergtagning tra poesia, letteratura e folklore’, in Cancro, Teresa; De Paoli, Chiara; Roncen, Francesco; Russo, Valeria (a cura di), Oralità e scrittura: i due volti delle parole. Atti del Convegno internazionale, Università degli Studi di Padova (Padova, 11-12 gennaio 2018), Padova, Padova University Press, 103-119.
Dégh, Linda; Vázsonyi, Andrew (1974), ‘The Memorate and the Proto-Memorate’, The Journal of American Folklore 87 (345), 225-239.
Dronke, Ursula (ed.) (1997), The Poetic Edda. Vol. 2, Mythological poems edited with translation, introduction and commentaries, Oxford, Clarendon.
Einar Ólafur Sveinsson; Matthías Þórðarson (útg.) (1935), Eyrbyggja saga, Íslenzk fornrit IV, Reykjavík, Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Eliade, Mircea (1959), The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.
Geijer, Erik Gustaf; Afzelius, Arvid August (utg.) (1814), Svenska folk-visor från forntiden, I, första delen, Stockholm, Strinnholm och Häggström.
Geijer, Erik Gustaf; Afzelius, Arvid August (utg.) (1816), Svenska folk-visor från forntiden, II, första delen, Stockholm, Häggström.
Graves, Robert (1983), I miti greci, trad. it. Morpurgo, Elisa, Milano, Longanesi.
Grundtvig, Sven (udg.) (1856), Danmarks gamle folkeviser, II, Köbenhavn, Samfundet til den Danske Literaturs Fremme.
Guðbrandur Vigfússon, Jón Sigurðsson, Þorvaldur Bjarnarson, Eiríkur Jónsson (útg.) (1878), Biskupa sögur, 2, Kaupmannahöfn, Möller.
Guerrieri, Anna Maria (2011), ‘L’elmo della invisibilità: sulla identificazione di un elemento del meraviglioso germanico’, in Lendinara, Patrizia; Raschellà, Fabrizio; Dallapiazza, Michael (a cura di), Saggi in onore di Piergiuseppe Scardigli, Bern, Peter Lang, 123-140.
Hedberg, Frans (1874), Den bergtagna. Romantisk opera i fem akter af Frans Hedberg. Musiken af Ivar Hallström, Stockholm, Bonnier.
Honko, Lauri (1964), ‘Memorates and the Study of Folk Beliefs’, Journal of the Folklore Institute 1 (1/2), 5-19.
Hyltén-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof (1863), Wärend och wirdarne: ett försök i svensk ethnologi, 1, Syockholm, Norstedt.
Hyltén-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof (utg. Bringeus, Nils-Arvid 1968), ‘Folksägner från Värend’, in Kronobergsboken. Hyltén-Cavalliusföreningens årsbok 1968, 39-128.
Ibsen, Henrik (1908), Peer Gynt, in Id., Samlede vaerker. Mindeudgave, 2, Kristiania, Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag, 163-304.
Iuliano, Angela (2020), Bergtagning. Il mito del rapimento della montagna nelle riscritture femminili di Victoria Benedictsson ed Eva Ström, in Giordano, Carmela (a cura di), Risonanze III. La memoria dei testi dal Medioevo a oggi, Napoli, Liguori, 185-199.
Jonsson, Bengt R.; Jersild, Margareta; Jansson, Sven-Bertil (utg.) (1983), Sveriges Medeltida Ballader. Band 1: Naturmytisk visa, Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksell.
av Klintberg, Bengt (1972), Svenska folksägner, Stockholm, Norstedts.
Koch, Ludovica (1984), Gli scaldi. Poesia cortese di epoca vichinga, Torino, Einaudi.
Koch, Ludovica (ed. e trad.) (1987), Beowulf, Torino, Einaudi.
Kvideland, Reimund; Sehmsdorf, Henning K. (eds.) (1988), Scandinavian Folks Belief and Legend, Oslo, Norwegian University Press.
Kålund, Kristian (udg.) (1906-1911), Sturlunga saga efter membranen Króksfjarðarbók, udfyldt efter Reykjarfjarðarbók, 1, København, Gyldendal.
Lindow, John (1978), Swedish Legends and Folktales, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, University of California Press.
Lindow, John (1989), ‘Continuity in Swedish Legends’, Scandinavian Studies, 61 (4), 375-403.
Lindow, John (2014), Trolls. An Unnatural History, Padstow, TJ International.
Lundell, Johan August (utg.) (1881), ‘Förord’, in Sagor, sägner, legender, äfventyr ock skildringar af folkets lefnadssätt [specialutgåva], Svenska Landsmål ock Svenskt Folkliv, E, 3-7.
Lundell, Johan August (utg.) (1937), Sagor, sägner, legender, äventyr ock skildringar av folkets levnadssätt [specialutgåva], Svenska Landsmål ock Svenskt Folkliv, H. 2, 113-224.
Marold, Edith (ed.) (2012), Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal 2, in Whaley, Diana (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1, Turnhout, Brepols, 10.
McKinnel, John (2005), Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend, Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer.
Müller-Wille, Michael (1993), Burial Mounds and Burial Practices, in Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia, New York, Routledge, 58-60.
Olrik, Axel; Grüner-Nielsen, Hakon (udg.) (1966), Danmarks gamle folkeviser, VIII-IX, København, Gyldenska.
Rafn, Carl Christian (útg.) (1829a), Hervarar Saga, in Id., Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda, I, Kaupmannahöfn, Prentadar í Enni Poppsku prentsmidju, 409-512.
Rafn, Carl Christian (útg.) (1829b), Örvar-Odds saga, in Id., Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda, II, Kaupmannahöfn, Prentadar í Enni Poppsku prentsmidju, 143-254.
Schjødt, Jens Peter (2012), ‘Wilderness, Liminality, and the Other in Old Norse Myth and Cosmology’, in Feldt, Laura (ed.), Wilderness in Mythology and Religion. Approaching Religious Spatialities, Cosmologies and Ideas of Wild Nature, Boston-Berlin, De Gruyter, 183-204.
Skórzewska, Joanna A. (2011), Constructing a Cult. The Life and Veneration of Gudmundr Arason (1161–1237) in the Icelandic Written Sources, Leiden-Boston, Brill.
Slay, Desmond (ed.) (1960), Hrólfs saga kraka, Editiones Arnamagnæanæ B I, Copenhagen, Munksgaard.
Snorri Sturluson (ed. Faulkes, Anthony 1998), Edda: Skáldskaparmál. 1, Introduction, Text and Notes, London, Viking Society for Northern Research, University College.
Snorri Sturluson (ed. Faulkes, Anthony 2005 [1982]), Edda: prologue and Gylfaginning, London, Viking Society for Northern Research.
Snorri Sturluson (trans. Finlay, Alison; Faulkes, Anthony 2011), Heimskringla. 1, London, Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London.
Stefán Karlsson (útg.) (1983), Guðmundar sögur biskups I. Ævi Guðmundar biskups Guðmundar saga A, Kaupmannahöfn, Reitzel.
Stefán Karlsson; Magnús Hauksson (útg.) (2018), Guðmundar sögur biskups: Guðmundar saga B, Kaupmannahöfn, Museum Tusculanum Press.
Ström, Eva (1979), Steinkind, Stockholm, Alba.
von Sydow, Carl Wilhelm (1934), Kategorien der Prosa-Volkdichtung, in Seemann, Erich; Schewe, Harry (Hrsg.), Volkskundliche Gaben, John Meier zum siebzigsten Geburtstage dargebracht, Berlin-Leipzig, Walter de Gruyter, 253-268.
Sävborg, Daniel (2016), ‘Are the Trolls Supernatural? Some Remarks on the Terminology for Strange Beings in Old Norse Literature’, AION Sezione germanica 26 (1-2), 119-129.
Sävborg, Daniel (2018), ‘The Icelander and the Trolls: The Importance of Place’, in Valk, Ülo; Sävborg, Daniel (eds.), Storied and Supernatural Places: Studies in Spatial and Social Dimensions of Folklore and Sagas, Helsinki, Finnish Literature Society/ SKS (Studia Fennica Folkloristica 23), 194-205.
Villani, Bruno (2017), ‘Nature and the Other between Folktro and Asa tro’, AION Sezione germanica 27 (1-2), 181-204.
Wigström, Eva (utg.) (1881), Folkdiktning: visor, folktro, sägner, och en svartkonstbok, Göteborg, Hedlund.
Åström, Elis (1962), Folktro och folkliv i Östergötland, Uppsala, Lundequistska Bokh.
Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Iuliano, A. (2020). Bergtagning: la leggenda del rapimento nella montagna nelle ballate e nei racconti popolari svedesi. Rhesis. International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature, 11(2), 50-66. https://doi.org/10.13125/rhesis/5695
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Articoli
