I presupposti cognitivi della persuasione nell’Encomio di Elena di Gorgia: analisi semantica e prospettiva testuale

  • Ignazio Efisio Putzu
Keywords: Gorgias, perception, emotion, persuasion, linguistics

Abstract

Starting from the textual analysis of Gorgias’ Encomium of Helen, this paper tries to isolate some essential theoretical assumptions at the levels of psychology of perception, psychology of emotions and, finally, psychology of persuasion. These assumptions seem to necessarily form the foundations of the technical practice of Gorgian rhetoric. In some cases, they contain enlightening problematisations of the cognitive processes which regard perception and attitude change, to such an extent that one can identify actual heuristic issues therein, which are still fully valid in the framework of modern neuro-psychological research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alam, Murad; Barrett, Karen C.; Hodapp, Robert M.; Arndt, Kenneth A. (2008), ‘Botulinum Toxin and the Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Can Looking Better Make You Feel Happier?’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 58 (6), 1061-1072.
Aronson, Elliot; Wilson, Timothy D.; Akert, Robin M. (2010), Social Psychology, Upper Saddle River (N.J), Pearson Education.
Asma, Stephen T.; Gabriel, Rami (2019), The Emotional Mind, Cambridge Mass.-London, Harvard University Press.
Brakel, Jaap van (1991), ‘Meaning, Prototypes and the Future of Cognitive Science’, Minds and Machines 1, 233-257.
Bremner, Andrew J.; Lewkowicz, David J.; Spence, Charles (eds.) (2012), Multisensory Development, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bonfantini, Massimo A. (1987), La semiosi, Milano, Bompiani.
Bruno, Nicola; Zampini, Massimiliano; Pavani, Francesco (2010), La percezione multisensoriale, Bologna, Il Mulino.
Brunschwig, Jacques (2005) [1996], ‘La conoscenza’, in Brunschwig, Jacques; Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. (eds.), Il sapere greco: dizionario critico. Edizione italiana a cura di M. L. Chiesara, 1, Torino, Einaudi, 88-112 (Le savoir grec, Paris, Flammarion, 1996).
Burnet, J. (1956), Platonis opera, Oxonii, Typographeo Clarendoniano.
Bühler, Karl (1934), Sprachtheorie, Jena, Fischer.
Bülthoff, Isabelle (2010), ‘Recognition’, in Goldstein, E. Bruce (ed.), Encyclopedia of Perception, 2, Los Angeles-London-New Delhi-Singapore-Washington DC, SAGE Publications, 863-864.
Calvert, Charles; Spence, Gemma A.; Stein, Barry E. (eds.), The Handbook of Multisensory Processes, Cambridge Mass., MIT Press.
Canfora, Luciano (2018) [2011], Il mondo di Atene, Roma-Bari, Laterza.
Cassin, Barbara (2005), ‘Sofistica’, in Brunschwig, Jacques; Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. (eds.), Il sapere greco: dizionario critico. Edizione italiana a cura di M. L. Chiesara, 2, Torino, Einaudi, 552-575 (Le savoir grec, Paris, Flammarion, 1996).
Caston, Victor (2015), ‘Perception in Ancient Greek Philosophy’, in Matthen, Mohan (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Perception, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 29-50.
Cavazza, Nicoletta (20183) [1996], La persuasione, Bologna, Il Mulino.
Clore, Gerald L.; Ortony, Andrew (1991), ‘What More Is There to Emotion Concepts Than Prototypes?’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1), 48-50.
Coirault, Yves (éd.) (1986), Louis de Saint-Simon. Memoires, 6, Paris, Gallimard.
De Waal, Frans (2020) [2019], L’ultimo abbraccio. Cosa dicono di noi le emozioni degli animali, Milano, Raffaello Cortina (Mama’s Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves, London, Granta Books, 2019).
DELG = Chantraine, Pierre (19992) [1968-1980], Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, Paris, Klincksieck.
Dimberg, Ulf; Andréasson, Per; Thunberg, Monika (2011), ‘Emotional Empathy and Facial Reactions to Facial Expressions’, Journal of Psychophysiology 25, 26-31.
Dimberg, Ulf; Thunberg, Monika (2012), ‘Empathy and Rapid Facial Reactions’, PsyCh Journal 1, 118-127.
Dimberg, Ulf; Thunberg, Monika; Elmehed, Kurt (2000), ‘Unconscious Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial’, Expressions. Psychological Science 11 (1), 86-89.
Donadi, Francesco (1982), Gorgia. Encomio di Elena. Testo critico, introduzione, traduzione e note, Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Dura-Bernal, Salvador; Wennekers, Thomas; Denham, Susan L. (2011), ‘The Role of Feedback in a Hierarchical Model of Object Perception’, in Hernández, Carlos (ed.), From Brains to Systems. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, New York, Springer, 165-179.
Ekman, Paul (1984), ‘Expression and the Nature of Emotion’, in Scherer, Klaus R.; Ekman, Paul (eds.), Approaches to Emotion, Hillsdale (NJ), Erlbaum, 319-344.
Ekman, Paul (1989), ‘The Argument and Evidence About Universals in Facial Expressions of Emotion’, in Wagner, Huge; Manstead, Antony, (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychophysiology, Chichester, Wiley, 143-164.
Ekman, Paul (1998), ‘Introduction’, in Ekman, Paul (ed.), Charles Darwin: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Definitive Edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press, XXI-XXXVI.
Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V. (1971), ‘Constants across Cultures in the Face and Emotion’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17 (2), 124-129.
Eysenck, Michael W. (1994) [1990], ‘Perception’, in Eysenck, Michael W. (ed.), Dizionario di psicologia cognitiva, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 289-290 (The Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology, Oxford, Blackwell, 1990).
Feldman Barrett, Lisa; Lewis, Michael; Haviland, Jeannette M. (1993), Handbook of Emotions, New York, The Guilford Press.
Gagarin, Michael (2014), ‘Eikos Arguments in Athenian Forensic Oratory’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 15-29.
Gastaldi, Silvia (2014), Aristotele. Retorica. Introduzione, traduzione e commento, Roma, Carocci.
Geymonat, Ludovico (1970), ‘I sofisti e Socrate. L’umanizzazione della cultura’, in Geymonat, Ludovico; Micheli, Gianni; Tisato, Renato; Vegetti, Mario (eds.), Storia del pensiero filosofico e scientifico, 1, Milano, Garzanti, 95-121.
Gergen, Kenneth J.; Gergen, Mary M. (1986), Psicologia sociale, Bologna, Il Mulino (Social Psychology, New York, Springer, 1986).
Giombini, Stefania (2018) [2012], Gorgia epidittico. Commento filosofico all’Encomio di Elena, all’Apologia di Palamede, all’Epitaffio, Perugia, Aguaplano.
Goddard, Erin; Carlson, Thomas A.; Dermody, Nadene; Woolgar, Alexandra (2016), ‘Representational Dynamics of Object Recognition: Feedforward and Feedback Information Flows’, NeuroImage 128, 385-397.
Goldstein, E. Bruce (ed.) (2010), Encyclopedia of Perception, 2 vols., Los Angeles-London-New Delhi-Singapore-Washington DC, SAGE Publications.
Goldstein, E. Bruce; Brockmole, James R. (201710) [1980], Sensation and Perception, Boston, Cengage.
Goleman, Daniel (1995), Emotional Intelligence, New York, Bantam Books.
Gray, Peter (1997) [1994], Psicologia, Bologna, Zanichelli (Psychology, London, Worth Publisher, 19942). Gray, Peter; Bjorklund, David F. (20147) [1991], Psychology, New York, Worth Publisher.
Greenfeld, Leah (2013), ‘Are human emotions universals?’, Psychology Today 23/04/2013, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-modern-mind/201304/are-human-emotionsuniversal (ultimo accesso 06/06/2020).
Gregoric, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Hamlyn, David W. (1953), ‘Behaviour’, Philosophy 28, 132-145.
Hamlyn, David W.; Smart, John J. C. (1964), ‘Symposium: Causality and Human Behaviour’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society [Supplementary Volumes] 38, 125-148.
Hoffman, David C. (2008), ‘Concerning eikos: Social Expectation and Verisimilitude in Early Attic Rhetoric’, Rhetorica 26, 1-29.
Hovland, Carl I.; Janis, Irving L.; Kelley, Harold H. (1953), Communication and Persuasion; Psychological Studies of Opinion Change, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Kalat, James W. (201913) [2001], Biological Psychology, Boston, Cengage.
Kretch, David; Crutchfield, Richard S.; Ballachey, Egerton L. (1970) [1962], Individuo e società, Firenze, Giunti Barbera (Individual in Society: A Textbook of Social Psychology, New York, Mc Graw-Hill Book Company).
Jakobson, Roman (1960), ‘Closing Statements: Linguistics and Poetics’, in Sebeok, Thomas H. (ed.), Style in Language, Cambridge Mass., MIT Press, 350-377.
Ioli, Roberta (2010), ‘Introduzione’, in Ioli, Roberta, Gorgia di Leontini. Su ciò che non è. Testo greco, traduzione e commento, Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 9-90.
Ioli, Roberta (2013), Gorgia. Testimonianze e frammenti, Roma, Carocci.
Lakoff, George (1987), Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, Chicago-London, University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark (1980), Metaphors We Live By, Chicago-London, University of Chicago Press.
Lewkowicz, David J.; Kraebel, Kimberly S. (2004), ‘The Value of Multisensory Redundancy in the Development of Intersensory Perception’, in Calvert, Charles; Spence, Gemma A.; Stein, Barry
E. (eds.), The Handbook of Multisensory Processes, Cambridge Mass., MIT Press, 655-678.
Liberman, Alvin M. (1970), ‘The Grammars of Speech and Language’, Cognitive Psychology 1 (4), 301-323.
Liberman, Alvin M.; Cooper, Franklin S.; Shankweiler, Donald P.; Studdert-Kennedy, Michael (1967), ‘Perception of the Speech Code’, Psychological Review 74, 431-461.
Liberman, Alvin M.; Mattingly, Ignatius G. (1985), ‘The Motor Theory of Speech Perception Revised’, Cognition 21 (1), 1-36.
Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. (1967), ‘Leucippus and Democritus’, in Edwards, Paul (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 4, New York, Macmillan & The Free Press, 446-451.
Long, Anthony A. (2005), ‘Teorie del linguaggio’, in Brunschwig, Jacques; Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. (eds.), Il sapere greco: dizionario critico. Edizione italiana a cura di M. L. Chiesara, 1, Torino, Einaudi, 605-624 (Le savoir grec, Paris, Flammarion, 1996).
LSJ = Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (1996) [1843], A Greek-English Lexicon. Compiled by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Supplement edited by P. G. W. Glare, and with the assistance of A. A. Thompson, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Magnée, Maurice J. C. M.; Stekelenburg, Jeroen J.; Kemner, Chantal; de Gelder, Beatrice (2007), ‘Similar Facial Electromyographic Responses to Faces, Voices, and Body Expressions’, Neuroreport 18 (4), 369-372.
Martín-Loeches, Manuel; Fernández, Anabel; Schacht, Annekathrin; Sommer, Werner; Casado, Pilar; Jiménez-Ortega, Laura; Fondevila, Sabela (2012), ‘The Influence of Emotional Words on Sentence Processing: Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence’, Neuropsychologia 50 (14), 3262-3272.
Masserman, Jules H. (1946), Principles of Dynamic Psychiatry: Including an Integrative Approach to Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders.
Mather, George (2009), Foundations of Sensation and Perception, New York, Hove Psychology Press.
Mather, George (2011), Essentials of Sensation and Perception, London-New York, Routledge.
Merikle, Philip M; Smilek, Daniel; Eastwood, John D. (2001), ‘Perception without Awareness: Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology’, Cognition 79 (1-2), 115-134.
Mureddu, Patrizia (1991), ‘La parola che “incanta”: note all’Elena di Gorgia’, Sileno. Rivista di studi classici 17 (1-2), 249-258.
Mureddu, Patrizia (1992), ‘La “incomunicabilità” gorgiana in una parodia di Aristofane? Nota a hesm. 5-21’, Lexis 9-10, 115-120.
Mureddu, Patrizia (2000), ‘L’arte del conversare: gioco verbale e pratica eristica nella rappresentazione platonica’, in Mureddu, Patrizia; Nieddu, Gian Franco, Furfanterie sofistiche: omonimia e falsi ragionamenti tra Aristofane e Platone, Bologna, Pàtron, 41-64.
Mureddu, Patrizia (2005), ‘Il riconoscimento di Elena come percorso di episteme: Euripide e le teorie sofistiche sulla conoscenza’, Prometheus 31 (3), 216-224.
Mureddu, Patrizia (2010), ‘Gorgia di Leontini e la “comunicazione di massa”‘, in Bona, Edoardo; Curnis, Michele (eds.), Linguaggi del potere, poteri del linguaggio, Alessandria, Edizioni dell’Orso, 159-171.
Natoli, Salvatore (2019), ‘I sofisti, Socrate e le scuole socratiche’, in Severino, Emanuele (ed.), Storia del pensiero occidentale. Il pensiero antico. Dalle origini della filosofia a Platone, Milano, Mondadori, 135-197.
Neal, David T.; Chartrand, Tanya L. (2011), ‘Embodied Emotion Perception: Amplifying and Dampening Facial Feedback Modulates Emotion Perception Accuracy’, Social Psychological and Personality Science 2 (6), 673-678.
Ortony, Andrew; Turner, Terence J. (1990), ‘What’s Basic about Basic Emotions?’, Psychological Review 97 (3), 315-331.
Panksepp, Jaak (1998), Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions, Oxford-New York, Oxford University Press.
Panksepp, Jaak; Bive, Lucy (2012), The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions, New York-London, W.W. Norton & Company.
Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (2012), Verità verosimili: l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano, Mimesis.
Piéron, Henri (1945), La sensation, guide de vie, Paris, Gallimard.
Preuss, Todd M. (2000), ‘Taking the Measure of Diversity: Comparative Alternatives to the ModelAnimal Paradigm in Cortical Neuroscience’, Brain, Behaviour, and Evolution 55 (6), 287-299.
Pucci, Piero (1998), Platone. Fedro, Roma-Bari, Laterza.
Railo, Henry; Koivisto, Mika; Revonsuo, Antti (2011), ‘Tracking the Processes behind Conscious Perception: A Review of Event-Related Potential Correlates of Visual Consciousness’, Consciousness and Cognition 20 (3), 972-983.
Rapp, Christof (2005), ‘L’arte di suscitare le emozioni nella Retorica di Aristotele’, Acta philosophica: rivista internazionale di filosofia 14 (2), 313-325.
Reale, Giovanni (2004), Storia della filosofia greca e romana, 2, Milano, Bompiani.
Reinhardt, Marc (1986) [1980], ‘Psyche’, in Arnold, Wilhelm; Eysenck, Hans J.; Meili, Richard (eds.), Dizionario di psicologia, Torino, Edizioni Paoline, 950 (Lexikon der Psychologie, Augsburg, Bechtermünz, 1980).
Rizzolati, Giacomo; Sinigaglia, Corrado (2019), Specchi nel cervello. Come comprendiamo gli altri dall’interno, Milano, Raffaello Cortina.
Riu, Xavier (2012), ‘Eikós nella Poetica di Aristotele’, I Quaderni del Ramo d’Oro online 5, 96-111.
Romilly, Jacqueline de (1975), Magic and Rhetoric in Ancient Greece, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press.
Roscalla, Fabio (2017), Dalla tribuna al pulpito. La retorica del verosimile, Pavia, Pavia University Press.
Roth, Ilona (1986), ‘An Introduction to Object Perception’, in Roth, Ilona; Frisby, John P. (eds.), Perception and Representation: A Cognitive Approach, Milton Keynes, UK, Open University Press, 9-132.
Rossetti, Livio (2012), ‘Il logos amarturos’, МАТИЦЕ СРПСКЕ ЗА КЛАСИЧНЕ СТУДИЈЕ [Journal of Classical Studies Matica Srpska] 14, 49-71.
Russell, James A. (1991), ‘In Defense of a Prototype Approach to Emotion Concepts’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1), 37-47.
Russo, Lucio (20012) [1996], La rivoluzione dimenticata. Il pensiero scientifico greco e la scienza moderna, Milano, Feltrinelli.
Salovey, Peter; Mayer, John D. (2004), ‘Emotional Intelligence’, in Salovey, Peter; Brackett, Marc A.; Mayer, John D. (eds.), Emotional Intelligence: Key Readings on the Mayer and Salovey Model, Port Chester, Dude Publishing.
Segal, Charles P. (1962), ‘Gorgias and the Psychology of the logos’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 66, 95-155.
Shaver, Phillip; Schwartz, Judith; Kirson, Donald; O’Connor, Cary (1987), ‘Emotion Knowledge: Further Exploration of a Prototype Approach’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (6), 1061-1086.
Scherer, Klaus R. (1992), ‘On Social Representations of Emotional Experience: Stereotypes, Prototypes, or Archetypes?’, in Cranach, Mario von; Doise, Willem; Mugny, Gabriel (eds.), Swiss Monographs in Psychology. Social Representations and the Social Bases of Knowledge, Lewiston-New-York, Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 30-36.
Skinner, Burrhus F. (1971), Beyond Freedom and Dignity, New York, Knopf.
Siemer, Matthias (2008), ‘Beyond Prototypes and Classical Definitions: Evidence for a Theory-Based Representation of Emotion Concepts’, Cognition and Emotion 22 (4), 620-632.
Silvestri, Domenico (1987), ‘Storia delle lingue e storia delle culture’, in Lazzeroni, Romano (ed.), Linguistica storica, Roma, La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 55-85.
Spence, Charles (2013), ‘Review of The New Handbook of Multisensory Processing edited by B. E. Stein, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012’, Perception 42, 586-590.
Stein, Barry E. (ed.) (2012), The New Handbook of Multisensory Processing, Cambridge Mass., MIT Press.
Stone, Gregory O.; Vanhoy, Mickie; Van Orden, Guy C. (1997), ‘Perception Is a Two-Way Street: Feedforward and Feedback Phonology in Visual Word Recognition’, Journal of Memory and Language 36 (3), 337-359.
Szasz, Thomas S. (1978), The Myth of Psychotherapy. Mental Healing as Religion, Rhetoric, and Repression, New York, Anchor Press-Doubleday.
Tordoff, Robert (2014), ‘Counterfactual History and Thucydides’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 101-121.
Vaughan, Margaret (1989), ‘Rule-governed Behavior in Behavior Analysis’, in Hayes, Steven C. (ed.), Rule-governed Behavior, New York, Plenum Press, 97-118.
Wagenknecht, Heide (1986), ‘Cognizione’, in Arnold, Wilhelm; Eysenck, Hans J.; Meili, Richard (eds.), Dizionario di psicologia, Torino, Edizioni Paoline, 208 (Lexikon der Psychologie, Augsburg, Bechtermünz, 1980).
Wardy, Robert (2005), ‘Retorica’, in Brunschwig, Jacques; Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. (eds.), Il sapere greco: dizionario critico. Edizione italiana a cura di M. L. Chiesara, 1, Torino, Einaudi, 519-546 (Le savoir grec, Paris, Flammarion, 1996).
Watt Smith, Tiffany (2015), The Book of Human Emotions. An Encyclopedia of Feeling from Anger to Wanderlust, New York; Little, Brown and Company.
Wentura, Dirk; Rohr, Michaela; Degner, Juliane (2017), ‘Masked Emotional Priming: A Double Dissociation between Direct and Indirect Effects Reveals Non-Conscious Processing of Emotional Information beyond Valence’, Consciousness and Cognition 49, 203-214.
Wohl, Victoria (2014), ‘Introduction. Eikos in Ancient Greek Thought’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1-14.
Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Putzu, I. (2020). I presupposti cognitivi della persuasione nell’Encomio di Elena di Gorgia: analisi semantica e prospettiva testuale. Rhesis. International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature, 11(1), 14-51. https://doi.org/10.13125/rhesis/5623