L’Arabo Anziano (The Old Arab). A Forgotten Book by Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ
Keywords:
Arabic Literature, Egyptian Nationalism, Jewish Communities, Freemasonry
Abstract
L’arabo anziano is a poem published in Cairo in 1869 and authored by Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ (1839-1912), an Egyptian Jew of Italian origins who is considered as one of the pioneers of the Arab theatre and one of the first Egyptian nationalists. The poem is a precious testimony for the time Ṣanūʿ spent in Livorno, Italy, and reflects his links with Freemasonry. This article intends to focus on the role of this poem for a comprehension of the rise of nationalism in Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ’s ideals and tries to shed light on his Italian experience through new unpublished documents found in the Historical Archives of the Jewish community of Livorno.
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References
ABDOUN, Saleh, Genesi dell’Aida con documentazione inedita, Parma, Quaderni dell’Istituto di Studi Verdiani, 4, 1971.
AGLIETTI, Marcella, L’istituto consolare tra Sette e Ottocento. Funzioni istituzionali, profilo giuridico e percorsi professionali nella Toscana granducale, Pisa, Edizioni ETS, 2012.
AL-SHARIF, Maher, “Del concepto de ciudadanía en el pensamiento de los precursores de la “Nahda” o Renacimiento árabe”, «Awraq. Revista de ánalisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo», 10 (2014), pp. 13-28.
AMIN, Dina, “Yaʿqūb Ṣannū‘”, in Roger ALLEN (ed.), Essays in Arabic Literary Biography. 1850-1950, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010, pp. 284-292.
‘ĀNŪS, Naǧwà Ibrāhīm, Masraḥ Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ [The theatre of Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ], al-Qāhira, al-Ḥay’a al-miṣriyya al-‘āmma li-l-kitāb, 1984.
ARISTARCHI BEY, Grégoire, Recueil des lois, ordonnances, traités, capitulations et autres documents officiels de l’Empire ottoman, Constantinople, Imprimerie Frères Nicolaïdes, 1873.
ASCOLI, Raffaello, Gli Ebrei venuti a Livorno, Livorno, Edizioni Erasmo, 2010.
BADAWI, Muhammad Mustafa, “The Father of the Modern Egyptian Theatre: Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ”, «Journal of Arabic Literature», 16 (1985), pp. 132-145.
BALLĀṢ, Šam‘ūn, Ṣolo [Solo], Bnei Brak, Sifriat Poalim, 1998.
BEDARIDA, Gabriele, Gli Ebrei a Livorno, Livorno, Debatte Editore, 2006.
BELLINO, Francesca, “David Morkos frate della Custodia di Terra Santa e professore di arabo nella Torino dell’Ottocento”, in Pier Giorgio BORBONE, Alessandro MENGOZZI, Mauro TOSCO (eds.), Loquentes linguis. Studi linguistici e orientali in onore di Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2006, pp. 63-77.
COLLAVERI, François, La franc-maçonnerie des Bonaparte, Paris, Payot, 1982.
CONTI, Fulvio, La massoneria a Livorno. Dal Settecento alla Repubblica, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006.
CRUSVAR, Luisa, “Stampe giapponesi: un percorso a sorpresa. I Morpurgo de Nilma, dall’Egitto al Giappone”, «Atti dell’Accademia “San Marco”di Pordenone», 15 (2013), pp. 567-640.
DE BAIGNIERES, P., L’Egypte satirique, Paris, Imprimerie de Lefebvre, 1886.
DE MARCHI, Francesco Antonio, Guida pratica allo studio della lingua araba parlata, Milano, Tipografia Nazionale, 1885.
DĪMĀRKĪ, Faransīs Anṭūn, an-Nubaḏ al-muḫtāra fī tārīḫ at-tiǧāra: ḫiṭāb fīmā yaḥsunu ḏikruhu min tārīḫ at-tiǧāra ‘inda l-‘arab wa-l-‘uṯmāniyyīn, idḫlan li-šarḥ qānūnāmat at-tiǧāra al-‘uṯmāniyya [Selected passages on the history of commerce: speech about how it is right to remember the history of trade among the Arabs and Ottomans, introducing the explanation of Ottoman Commercial Law], al-Qāhira, Maṭba‘at Wādī an-Nīl, 1869.
DORIGO CECCATO, Rosella, “Autobiographical Features in the Works of Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ”, in Robin OSTLE, Ed DE MOOR, Stefan WILD (eds.), Writing the Self. Autobiographical Writing in Modern Arabic Literature, London, Saqi Books, 1998, pp. 51-60.
EL BEIH, Wafaa R. (ed.), Il marito infedele: James Sanua e il teatro italiano in Egitto, Bergamo, Bergamo University Press, 2015.
ETTMÜLLER, Eliane Ursula, The Construct of Egypt’s National-Self in James Sanua’s Early Satire and Caricature, Berlin, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2012.
FAHMY, Ziad, “Francophone Egyptian Nationalists, Anti-British Discourse, and European Public Opinion, 1885-1910: The Case of Mustafa Kamil and Ya‘qub Ṣannu‘”, «Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and Middle East», 28.1 (2008), pp. 170-183.
FERRARA DEGLI UBERTI, Carlotta, “La «Nazione ebrea» di Livorno nella prima metà dell’Ottocento. Istruzione popolare e studi universitari tra rigenerazione ed integrazione”, «Annali di storia dell’educazione», 13 (2006), pp. 243-260.
FRANCESCHINI, Fabrizio, Giovanni Guarducci, il bagitto e il Risorgimento. Testi giudeo livornesi 1842-1863 e Glossario, Livorno, Salomone Belforte & C., 2013.
FUNARO, Liana Elda, “Massoneria e minoranze religiose nel secolo XIX”, in Fulvio CONTI (ed.), La massoneria a Livorno. Dal Settecento alla Repubblica, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006, pp. 343-416.
GENDZIER, Irene L., “James Sanua and Egyptian Nationalism”, «Middle East Journal», 15.1 (1961), pp. 16-28.
GENDZIER, Irene L., The Practical Visions of Ya‘qub Sanu‘, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University Press, 1966.
GUADAGNOLI, Antonio, Raccolta completa delle Poesie Giocose, Firenze, Tipografia di Pietro Fraticelli, 1842.
ĠUNAYM, ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd, Ṣanūʿ rā’id al-masraḥ al-miṣrī [Ṣanūʿ, Pioneer of the Arabic Theatre], al-Qāhira, ad-Dār al-Qawmiyya li-ṭ-Ṭibā‘a wa-n-Našr, 1966.
GUTAS, Dimitri, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: the Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early ‘Abbāsid society (2nd-4th/8th-10th c.), London and New York, Routledge, 1998.
JOHNSON, K. Paul, The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1994.
LANDAU, Jacob M., “Abu Naddara, an Egyptian-Jewish Nationalist”, «The Journal of Jewish Studies», 3.1 (1952), pp. 30-44.
LANDAU, Jacob M., “Prolegomena to a Study of Secret Societies in Modern Egypt”, «Middle Eastern Studies», I.2 (1965), pp. 136-185.
LANDAU, Jacob M., “Farmāsūniyya”, in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. XII, Leyde, Brill, 2004, pp. 296-297.
LANGONE, Angela Daiana, Molière et le théâtre arabe. Réception moliéresque et identités nationales arabes, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2016.
MACNULTY, W. Kirk, Freemasonry. Symbols, Secrets, Significance, London, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2006.
MESTYAN, Adam, “Arabic Theater in early Khedivial Culture, 1868-72: James Sanua revisited”, «International Journal Middle East Studies», 46 (2014), pp. 117-137.
MICHEL, Ersilio, Maestri e scolari dell’Università di Pisa nel Risorgimento nazionale (1815-1870), Firenze, Sansoni, 1949.
MIQUEL, André, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu’au milieu du XIe siècle, Paris, La Haye, Mouton, 1967.
MISTIYAN, Ādam, “al-Masraḥ al-‘Arabī fī aṯ-Ṯaqāfa al-ḫidīwiyya (1868-1872). Naẓra ǧadīda ‘alà Yaʿqūb (Ǧīms) Ṣanūʿ” [Arabic Theater in early Khedivial Culture, 1868-72: James Sanua revisited], «Almoqtataf», 2015, [July 28th 2016].
MOOSA, Matti, “Ya‘qûb Ṣanû‘ and the rise of Arab Drama in Egypt”, «International Journal of Middle East Studies», 5.4 (1974), pp. 401-433.
PACIFICO, Claudio, “Patrioti risorgimentali e grandi esploratori italiani in Egitto e nell’Africa nera alla scoperta delle sorgenti del Nilo”, «Il Veltro», LV, 4-6 (2011), pp. 3-17.
RUOCCO, Monica, Storia del teatro arabo dalla Nahḍa a oggi, Roma, Carocci, 2010.
SADGROVE, Philip C., The Egyptian Theatre in the Nineteenth Century (1799-1882), Reading, Ithaca Press, 1996.
ṢANŪʿ, Yaʿqūb, Mūlyīr Miṣr wa-mā yuqāsīhi [Egypt’s Molière and What He Suffers], Bayrūt, al-Maṭba‘a al-Adabiyya, 1912.
SANUA, James, L’Arabo anziano, Il Cairo, Nuova Tipografia di P. Cumbo, 1869.
SIRTORI, Marco, “Presentazione. James Sanua tra commedia, opera buffa e vaudeville”, in Wafaa R. EL BEIH (ed.), Il marito infedele: James Sanua e il teatro italiano in Egitto, Bergamo, Bergamo University Press, 2015, pp. 7-13.
AT-TAHTAWI, Rifâ‘at, L’Or de Paris : Relation de voyage 1826-1831, Paris, Actes Sud Editions, 1988.
ZACK, Liesbeth, “The use of the Egyptian dialect in the satirical newspaper Abu Naḍḍāra Zar’a”, in Olivier DURAND, Angela Daiana LANGONE, Giuliano MION (eds.), Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa. Proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference, Wien, Lit Verlag, 2014, pp. 465-478.
Civico Museo Morpurgo (Trieste):
Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog:
Royal Collection Trust:
AGLIETTI, Marcella, L’istituto consolare tra Sette e Ottocento. Funzioni istituzionali, profilo giuridico e percorsi professionali nella Toscana granducale, Pisa, Edizioni ETS, 2012.
AL-SHARIF, Maher, “Del concepto de ciudadanía en el pensamiento de los precursores de la “Nahda” o Renacimiento árabe”, «Awraq. Revista de ánalisis y pensamiento sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo», 10 (2014), pp. 13-28.
AMIN, Dina, “Yaʿqūb Ṣannū‘”, in Roger ALLEN (ed.), Essays in Arabic Literary Biography. 1850-1950, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010, pp. 284-292.
‘ĀNŪS, Naǧwà Ibrāhīm, Masraḥ Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ [The theatre of Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ], al-Qāhira, al-Ḥay’a al-miṣriyya al-‘āmma li-l-kitāb, 1984.
ARISTARCHI BEY, Grégoire, Recueil des lois, ordonnances, traités, capitulations et autres documents officiels de l’Empire ottoman, Constantinople, Imprimerie Frères Nicolaïdes, 1873.
ASCOLI, Raffaello, Gli Ebrei venuti a Livorno, Livorno, Edizioni Erasmo, 2010.
BADAWI, Muhammad Mustafa, “The Father of the Modern Egyptian Theatre: Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ”, «Journal of Arabic Literature», 16 (1985), pp. 132-145.
BALLĀṢ, Šam‘ūn, Ṣolo [Solo], Bnei Brak, Sifriat Poalim, 1998.
BEDARIDA, Gabriele, Gli Ebrei a Livorno, Livorno, Debatte Editore, 2006.
BELLINO, Francesca, “David Morkos frate della Custodia di Terra Santa e professore di arabo nella Torino dell’Ottocento”, in Pier Giorgio BORBONE, Alessandro MENGOZZI, Mauro TOSCO (eds.), Loquentes linguis. Studi linguistici e orientali in onore di Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2006, pp. 63-77.
COLLAVERI, François, La franc-maçonnerie des Bonaparte, Paris, Payot, 1982.
CONTI, Fulvio, La massoneria a Livorno. Dal Settecento alla Repubblica, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006.
CRUSVAR, Luisa, “Stampe giapponesi: un percorso a sorpresa. I Morpurgo de Nilma, dall’Egitto al Giappone”, «Atti dell’Accademia “San Marco”di Pordenone», 15 (2013), pp. 567-640.
DE BAIGNIERES, P., L’Egypte satirique, Paris, Imprimerie de Lefebvre, 1886.
DE MARCHI, Francesco Antonio, Guida pratica allo studio della lingua araba parlata, Milano, Tipografia Nazionale, 1885.
DĪMĀRKĪ, Faransīs Anṭūn, an-Nubaḏ al-muḫtāra fī tārīḫ at-tiǧāra: ḫiṭāb fīmā yaḥsunu ḏikruhu min tārīḫ at-tiǧāra ‘inda l-‘arab wa-l-‘uṯmāniyyīn, idḫlan li-šarḥ qānūnāmat at-tiǧāra al-‘uṯmāniyya [Selected passages on the history of commerce: speech about how it is right to remember the history of trade among the Arabs and Ottomans, introducing the explanation of Ottoman Commercial Law], al-Qāhira, Maṭba‘at Wādī an-Nīl, 1869.
DORIGO CECCATO, Rosella, “Autobiographical Features in the Works of Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ”, in Robin OSTLE, Ed DE MOOR, Stefan WILD (eds.), Writing the Self. Autobiographical Writing in Modern Arabic Literature, London, Saqi Books, 1998, pp. 51-60.
EL BEIH, Wafaa R. (ed.), Il marito infedele: James Sanua e il teatro italiano in Egitto, Bergamo, Bergamo University Press, 2015.
ETTMÜLLER, Eliane Ursula, The Construct of Egypt’s National-Self in James Sanua’s Early Satire and Caricature, Berlin, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2012.
FAHMY, Ziad, “Francophone Egyptian Nationalists, Anti-British Discourse, and European Public Opinion, 1885-1910: The Case of Mustafa Kamil and Ya‘qub Ṣannu‘”, «Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and Middle East», 28.1 (2008), pp. 170-183.
FERRARA DEGLI UBERTI, Carlotta, “La «Nazione ebrea» di Livorno nella prima metà dell’Ottocento. Istruzione popolare e studi universitari tra rigenerazione ed integrazione”, «Annali di storia dell’educazione», 13 (2006), pp. 243-260.
FRANCESCHINI, Fabrizio, Giovanni Guarducci, il bagitto e il Risorgimento. Testi giudeo livornesi 1842-1863 e Glossario, Livorno, Salomone Belforte & C., 2013.
FUNARO, Liana Elda, “Massoneria e minoranze religiose nel secolo XIX”, in Fulvio CONTI (ed.), La massoneria a Livorno. Dal Settecento alla Repubblica, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006, pp. 343-416.
GENDZIER, Irene L., “James Sanua and Egyptian Nationalism”, «Middle East Journal», 15.1 (1961), pp. 16-28.
GENDZIER, Irene L., The Practical Visions of Ya‘qub Sanu‘, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Centre for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University Press, 1966.
GUADAGNOLI, Antonio, Raccolta completa delle Poesie Giocose, Firenze, Tipografia di Pietro Fraticelli, 1842.
ĠUNAYM, ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd, Ṣanūʿ rā’id al-masraḥ al-miṣrī [Ṣanūʿ, Pioneer of the Arabic Theatre], al-Qāhira, ad-Dār al-Qawmiyya li-ṭ-Ṭibā‘a wa-n-Našr, 1966.
GUTAS, Dimitri, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: the Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early ‘Abbāsid society (2nd-4th/8th-10th c.), London and New York, Routledge, 1998.
JOHNSON, K. Paul, The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1994.
LANDAU, Jacob M., “Abu Naddara, an Egyptian-Jewish Nationalist”, «The Journal of Jewish Studies», 3.1 (1952), pp. 30-44.
LANDAU, Jacob M., “Prolegomena to a Study of Secret Societies in Modern Egypt”, «Middle Eastern Studies», I.2 (1965), pp. 136-185.
LANDAU, Jacob M., “Farmāsūniyya”, in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. XII, Leyde, Brill, 2004, pp. 296-297.
LANGONE, Angela Daiana, Molière et le théâtre arabe. Réception moliéresque et identités nationales arabes, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2016.
MACNULTY, W. Kirk, Freemasonry. Symbols, Secrets, Significance, London, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2006.
MESTYAN, Adam, “Arabic Theater in early Khedivial Culture, 1868-72: James Sanua revisited”, «International Journal Middle East Studies», 46 (2014), pp. 117-137.
MICHEL, Ersilio, Maestri e scolari dell’Università di Pisa nel Risorgimento nazionale (1815-1870), Firenze, Sansoni, 1949.
MIQUEL, André, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu’au milieu du XIe siècle, Paris, La Haye, Mouton, 1967.
MISTIYAN, Ādam, “al-Masraḥ al-‘Arabī fī aṯ-Ṯaqāfa al-ḫidīwiyya (1868-1872). Naẓra ǧadīda ‘alà Yaʿqūb (Ǧīms) Ṣanūʿ” [Arabic Theater in early Khedivial Culture, 1868-72: James Sanua revisited], «Almoqtataf», 2015,
MOOSA, Matti, “Ya‘qûb Ṣanû‘ and the rise of Arab Drama in Egypt”, «International Journal of Middle East Studies», 5.4 (1974), pp. 401-433.
PACIFICO, Claudio, “Patrioti risorgimentali e grandi esploratori italiani in Egitto e nell’Africa nera alla scoperta delle sorgenti del Nilo”, «Il Veltro», LV, 4-6 (2011), pp. 3-17.
RUOCCO, Monica, Storia del teatro arabo dalla Nahḍa a oggi, Roma, Carocci, 2010.
SADGROVE, Philip C., The Egyptian Theatre in the Nineteenth Century (1799-1882), Reading, Ithaca Press, 1996.
ṢANŪʿ, Yaʿqūb, Mūlyīr Miṣr wa-mā yuqāsīhi [Egypt’s Molière and What He Suffers], Bayrūt, al-Maṭba‘a al-Adabiyya, 1912.
SANUA, James, L’Arabo anziano, Il Cairo, Nuova Tipografia di P. Cumbo, 1869.
SIRTORI, Marco, “Presentazione. James Sanua tra commedia, opera buffa e vaudeville”, in Wafaa R. EL BEIH (ed.), Il marito infedele: James Sanua e il teatro italiano in Egitto, Bergamo, Bergamo University Press, 2015, pp. 7-13.
AT-TAHTAWI, Rifâ‘at, L’Or de Paris : Relation de voyage 1826-1831, Paris, Actes Sud Editions, 1988.
ZACK, Liesbeth, “The use of the Egyptian dialect in the satirical newspaper Abu Naḍḍāra Zar’a”, in Olivier DURAND, Angela Daiana LANGONE, Giuliano MION (eds.), Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa. Proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference, Wien, Lit Verlag, 2014, pp. 465-478.
Civico Museo Morpurgo (Trieste):
Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog:
Royal Collection Trust:
Published
2016-12-31
How to Cite
Langone, A. (2016). L’Arabo Anziano (The Old Arab). A Forgotten Book by Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ. Rhesis. International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature, 7(2), 50-87. https://doi.org/10.13125/rhesis/5569
Section
Articoli
