Strategie retoriche di persuasione e manipolazione dei giudici: il ragionamento per eikos nelle orazioni XII e XVI del corpus Lysiacum
Keywords:
Lysias, eikos, judicial rhetoric, persuasion, manipulation
Abstract
This work focuses on how Lysias exploited the eikos argument in two of his speeches pronounced in trials of a political nature. This rhetorical device can be configured both as a heuristic tool, capable of reconstructing a truth that jurors could not understand, and as an element that appeals to a sphere of values and a model of conduct shared by the members of the same community. In accordance with these premises, I will first analyse how Lysias, in speech XII, made his accusation against Eratosthenes particularly convincing and moving by appealing to the eikos in order to showcase a model of conduct to the judges, to be followed by those who wanted to appear good citizens and defenders of democratic values. Secondly, I will examine how Lysias built a masterful defence of Manthiteus in the XVI speech, putting the focus mostly on the demonstration of the improbability of the accusations rather than on their refutation.
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References
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Allen, James (2014), ‘Aristotle on the Value of ‘Probability’, Persuasiveness, and Verisimilitude in Rhetorical Argument’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 47-64.
Avezzù, Elisa (1989), ‘Thaumaston ed eikos nella logografia giudiziaria’, in Lanza, Diego; Longo, Ottone (eds.), Il meraviglioso ed il verosimile tra antichità e Medioevo, Firenze, Olschki, 19-27.
Avezzù, Guido (1991), Lisia contro i tiranni, Venezia, Marsilio.
Bakewell, Geoff (1999), ‘Lysias 12 and Lysias 31: Metics and Athenian Citizenship in the Aftermath of the Thirty’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 40, 5-22.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (1990), ‘Sul significato del divieto di ἔξω τοῦ πράγµατος λέγειν in sede aeropagitica’, Aevum 64, 47-55.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (1997), Lisia e la tradizione su Teramene. Commento storico alle orazioni XII e XII del Corpus Lysiacum, Milano, Vita e Pensiero.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (2007a), Vivere da democratici. Studi su Lisia e la democrazia ateniese, Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (2007b), ‘Diritto e retorica nella democrazia ateniese’, Etica & Politica 9, 113-134.
Bertrand, Jean-Marie (2009), ‘À propos de la Rhétorique d’Aristote (I, 1337b 1-1374b 23), analyse du processus judiciaire, IV. Épieikeia’, Cahiers Glotz 20, 7-27.
Biscardi, Arnaldo (1982), Diritto greco antico, Varese, Giuffrè.
Bryan, Jenny (2011), Likeness and Likelihood in the Presocratics and Plato, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Butti de Lima, Paulo (1996), L’inchiesta e la prova, Torino, Einaudi.
Butti de Lima, Paulo (1997), ‘La delimitazione della parola nei tribunali ateniesi’, Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 15, 159-176.
Campagna, Gaspare (1952), Lisia contro Eratostene e la restaurazione democratica ateniese, Torino, Loescher-Chiantore.
Carey, Christopher (1996), ‘Nomos in Attic Rhetoric and Oratory’, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 116, 33-46.
D’Agostino, Francesco (1973), Epieikeia. Il tema dell’equità nell’antichità greca, Milano, Giuffrè.
Di Piazza, Salvatore (2012), ‘Le verità regolari. L’eikos nella medicina ippocratica’, in Piazza Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili. L’eikos nel pensiero greco, MilanoUdine, Mimesis, 13-27.
Dorati, Marco (2013), Aristotele. Retorica, Milano, Mondadori.
Fairchild, William (1979), ‘The Argument from Probability in Lysias’, The Classical Bulletin 55, 49-54.
Faraguna, Michele (2007), ‘Tra oralità e scrittura: diritto e forme della comunicazione dai poemi omerici a Teofrasto’, Etica & Politica 9, 75-111.
Feraboli, Simonetta (1980), Lisia avvocato, Padova, Editrice Antenore.
Gagarin, Michael (1994), ‘Probability and Persuasion: Plato and Early Greek Rhetoric’, in Worthington,
Ian (ed.), Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action, London-New York, Routledge, 46-68.
Gagarin, Michael (2014), ‘Eikos Arguments in Athenian Forensic Oratory’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 15-29.
Gernet, Louis; Bizos, Marcel, (1964a), Lysias. Discours (I-XV), Paris, Les Belles Lettres.
Gernet, Louis; Bizos, Marcel (1964b), Lysias. Discours (XVI-XXXV), Paris, Les Belles Lettres.
Goebel, George H. (1989), ‘Probability in the Earliest Rhetorical Theory’, Mnemosyne 42, 41-53.
Hansen, Mogens Herman (2003), La democrazia ateniese nel IV secolo a.C., Milano, LED.
Harris, Edward M. (1994), ‘Law and Oratory’, in Worthington, Ian (ed.), Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action, London-New York, Routledge, 130-150.
Harris, Edward M. (2007), ‘The Rule of Law in Athenian Democracy. Reflections on the Judicial Oath’, Etica & Politica 9, 55-74.
Harris, Edward M. (2013), The Rule of Law in Action in Democratic Athens, New York, Oxford University Press.
Hoffmann, David C. (2008), ‘Concerning Eikos: Social Expectation and Verisimilitude in Early Attic Rhetoric’, Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 26 (1), 1-29.
Kapellos, Aggelos (2014), ‘In Defence of Mantitheus: Structure, Strategy and Argumentation in Lysias 16’, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 57, 23-47.
Kraus, Manfred (2006), ‘Nothing to Do with Truth? Eikos in Early Greek Rhetoric and Philosophy’, Papers on Rhetoric 7, 129-150.
Kraus, Manfred (2007), ‘Early Greek Probability Arguments and Common Ground in Dissensus’, OSSA Conference Archive 92, 1-11.
Lanni, Adriaan (1999), ‘Precedent and Legal Reasoning in Classical Athenian Courts: A Noble Lie?’, The American Journal of Legal History 43, 27-51.
Lanni, Adriaan (2004), ‘Verdict Most Just: The Modes of Classical Athenian Justice’, Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 17, 277-321.
Lateiner, Donald (1982), ‘The Man who does not Meddle in Politics: A Topos in Lysias’, The Classical World 76, 1-12.
Loening, Thomas (1981), ‘Autobiographical Speeches of Lysias and the Biographical Tradition’, Hermes 109, 280-294.
Medda, Enrico (2008), Lisia, Orazioni (I-XV), Milano, Rizzoli.
Medda, Enrico (2013), Lisia, Orazioni (XVI-XXXIV), Milano, Rizzoli.
Miletti, Lorenzo (2012), ‘La verosimiglianza storica. Il caso di Erodoto’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 29-51.
Natalicchio, Antonio (1999), ‘Il processo contro Eratostene’, Hermes 127, 293-302.
O’Neil, James L. (2001), ‘Was the Athenian Gnome Dikaiotate a Principle of Equity?’, Antichthon 35, 20-29.
Piazza, Francesca (2009), ‘La virtù di Emone: riflessioni sull’epieikeia greca’, Aevum Antiquum 9, 3-36.
Piazza, Francesca (2012), ‘L’eikos in teoria. Aristotele e la Rhetorica ad Alexandrum’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, MilanoUdine, Mimesis, 103-137.
Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (2012), ‘L’incertezza della verità’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 7-12.
Poddighe, Elisabetta (2014), Aristotele, Atene e le metamorfosi dell’idea democratica. Da Solone a Pericle (594-451 a.C.), Roma, Carocci.
Roscalla, Fabio (2012), ‘L’eikos in azione. L’oratoria giudiziaria attica’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 73-102.
Roscalla, Fabio (2017), Dalla tribuna al pulpito, la retorica del verosimile, Pavia, Pavia University Press.
Sancho Rocher, Laura (1996), ‘Acerca del uso del argumento Eikos en la historiografía griega del siglo V a.C. de Heródoto a Tucídides’, Revista de prehistoria, historia antigua, arqueología y filología clásicas 13, 93-114.
Schmitz, Thomas (2000), ‘Plausibility in the Greek Orators’, The American Journal of Philology 121, 47-77.
Serra, Mauro (2012), ‘La verosimiglianza filosofica. Per una considerazione dell’eikos in Platone’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 53-72.
Stolfi, Emanuele (2006), Introduzione allo studio dei diritti greci, Torino, Giappichelli.
Talamanca, Mario (1994), ‘Il diritto in Grecia’, in Talamanca, Mario; Bretone, Mario (eds.), Il diritto in Grecia e a Roma, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 5-89.
Usher, Stephen (1965), ‘Individual Characterisation in Lysias’, Eranos 63, 99-119.
Usher, Stephen (1999), Greek Oratory: Tradition and Originality, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Wohl, Victoria (2014) ‘Introduction: Eikos in Ancient Greek Thought’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1-14.
Zanatta, Marcello (1996), Organon di Aristotele, Torino, UTET.
Allen, James (2014), ‘Aristotle on the Value of ‘Probability’, Persuasiveness, and Verisimilitude in Rhetorical Argument’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 47-64.
Avezzù, Elisa (1989), ‘Thaumaston ed eikos nella logografia giudiziaria’, in Lanza, Diego; Longo, Ottone (eds.), Il meraviglioso ed il verosimile tra antichità e Medioevo, Firenze, Olschki, 19-27.
Avezzù, Guido (1991), Lisia contro i tiranni, Venezia, Marsilio.
Bakewell, Geoff (1999), ‘Lysias 12 and Lysias 31: Metics and Athenian Citizenship in the Aftermath of the Thirty’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 40, 5-22.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (1990), ‘Sul significato del divieto di ἔξω τοῦ πράγµατος λέγειν in sede aeropagitica’, Aevum 64, 47-55.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (1997), Lisia e la tradizione su Teramene. Commento storico alle orazioni XII e XII del Corpus Lysiacum, Milano, Vita e Pensiero.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (2007a), Vivere da democratici. Studi su Lisia e la democrazia ateniese, Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Bearzot, Cinzia S. (2007b), ‘Diritto e retorica nella democrazia ateniese’, Etica & Politica 9, 113-134.
Bertrand, Jean-Marie (2009), ‘À propos de la Rhétorique d’Aristote (I, 1337b 1-1374b 23), analyse du processus judiciaire, IV. Épieikeia’, Cahiers Glotz 20, 7-27.
Biscardi, Arnaldo (1982), Diritto greco antico, Varese, Giuffrè.
Bryan, Jenny (2011), Likeness and Likelihood in the Presocratics and Plato, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Butti de Lima, Paulo (1996), L’inchiesta e la prova, Torino, Einaudi.
Butti de Lima, Paulo (1997), ‘La delimitazione della parola nei tribunali ateniesi’, Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 15, 159-176.
Campagna, Gaspare (1952), Lisia contro Eratostene e la restaurazione democratica ateniese, Torino, Loescher-Chiantore.
Carey, Christopher (1996), ‘Nomos in Attic Rhetoric and Oratory’, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 116, 33-46.
D’Agostino, Francesco (1973), Epieikeia. Il tema dell’equità nell’antichità greca, Milano, Giuffrè.
Di Piazza, Salvatore (2012), ‘Le verità regolari. L’eikos nella medicina ippocratica’, in Piazza Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili. L’eikos nel pensiero greco, MilanoUdine, Mimesis, 13-27.
Dorati, Marco (2013), Aristotele. Retorica, Milano, Mondadori.
Fairchild, William (1979), ‘The Argument from Probability in Lysias’, The Classical Bulletin 55, 49-54.
Faraguna, Michele (2007), ‘Tra oralità e scrittura: diritto e forme della comunicazione dai poemi omerici a Teofrasto’, Etica & Politica 9, 75-111.
Feraboli, Simonetta (1980), Lisia avvocato, Padova, Editrice Antenore.
Gagarin, Michael (1994), ‘Probability and Persuasion: Plato and Early Greek Rhetoric’, in Worthington,
Ian (ed.), Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action, London-New York, Routledge, 46-68.
Gagarin, Michael (2014), ‘Eikos Arguments in Athenian Forensic Oratory’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 15-29.
Gernet, Louis; Bizos, Marcel, (1964a), Lysias. Discours (I-XV), Paris, Les Belles Lettres.
Gernet, Louis; Bizos, Marcel (1964b), Lysias. Discours (XVI-XXXV), Paris, Les Belles Lettres.
Goebel, George H. (1989), ‘Probability in the Earliest Rhetorical Theory’, Mnemosyne 42, 41-53.
Hansen, Mogens Herman (2003), La democrazia ateniese nel IV secolo a.C., Milano, LED.
Harris, Edward M. (1994), ‘Law and Oratory’, in Worthington, Ian (ed.), Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action, London-New York, Routledge, 130-150.
Harris, Edward M. (2007), ‘The Rule of Law in Athenian Democracy. Reflections on the Judicial Oath’, Etica & Politica 9, 55-74.
Harris, Edward M. (2013), The Rule of Law in Action in Democratic Athens, New York, Oxford University Press.
Hoffmann, David C. (2008), ‘Concerning Eikos: Social Expectation and Verisimilitude in Early Attic Rhetoric’, Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 26 (1), 1-29.
Kapellos, Aggelos (2014), ‘In Defence of Mantitheus: Structure, Strategy and Argumentation in Lysias 16’, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 57, 23-47.
Kraus, Manfred (2006), ‘Nothing to Do with Truth? Eikos in Early Greek Rhetoric and Philosophy’, Papers on Rhetoric 7, 129-150.
Kraus, Manfred (2007), ‘Early Greek Probability Arguments and Common Ground in Dissensus’, OSSA Conference Archive 92, 1-11.
Lanni, Adriaan (1999), ‘Precedent and Legal Reasoning in Classical Athenian Courts: A Noble Lie?’, The American Journal of Legal History 43, 27-51.
Lanni, Adriaan (2004), ‘Verdict Most Just: The Modes of Classical Athenian Justice’, Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 17, 277-321.
Lateiner, Donald (1982), ‘The Man who does not Meddle in Politics: A Topos in Lysias’, The Classical World 76, 1-12.
Loening, Thomas (1981), ‘Autobiographical Speeches of Lysias and the Biographical Tradition’, Hermes 109, 280-294.
Medda, Enrico (2008), Lisia, Orazioni (I-XV), Milano, Rizzoli.
Medda, Enrico (2013), Lisia, Orazioni (XVI-XXXIV), Milano, Rizzoli.
Miletti, Lorenzo (2012), ‘La verosimiglianza storica. Il caso di Erodoto’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 29-51.
Natalicchio, Antonio (1999), ‘Il processo contro Eratostene’, Hermes 127, 293-302.
O’Neil, James L. (2001), ‘Was the Athenian Gnome Dikaiotate a Principle of Equity?’, Antichthon 35, 20-29.
Piazza, Francesca (2009), ‘La virtù di Emone: riflessioni sull’epieikeia greca’, Aevum Antiquum 9, 3-36.
Piazza, Francesca (2012), ‘L’eikos in teoria. Aristotele e la Rhetorica ad Alexandrum’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, MilanoUdine, Mimesis, 103-137.
Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (2012), ‘L’incertezza della verità’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 7-12.
Poddighe, Elisabetta (2014), Aristotele, Atene e le metamorfosi dell’idea democratica. Da Solone a Pericle (594-451 a.C.), Roma, Carocci.
Roscalla, Fabio (2012), ‘L’eikos in azione. L’oratoria giudiziaria attica’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 73-102.
Roscalla, Fabio (2017), Dalla tribuna al pulpito, la retorica del verosimile, Pavia, Pavia University Press.
Sancho Rocher, Laura (1996), ‘Acerca del uso del argumento Eikos en la historiografía griega del siglo V a.C. de Heródoto a Tucídides’, Revista de prehistoria, historia antigua, arqueología y filología clásicas 13, 93-114.
Schmitz, Thomas (2000), ‘Plausibility in the Greek Orators’, The American Journal of Philology 121, 47-77.
Serra, Mauro (2012), ‘La verosimiglianza filosofica. Per una considerazione dell’eikos in Platone’, in Piazza, Francesca; Di Piazza, Salvatore (eds.), Verità verosimili, l’eikos nel pensiero greco, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 53-72.
Stolfi, Emanuele (2006), Introduzione allo studio dei diritti greci, Torino, Giappichelli.
Talamanca, Mario (1994), ‘Il diritto in Grecia’, in Talamanca, Mario; Bretone, Mario (eds.), Il diritto in Grecia e a Roma, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 5-89.
Usher, Stephen (1965), ‘Individual Characterisation in Lysias’, Eranos 63, 99-119.
Usher, Stephen (1999), Greek Oratory: Tradition and Originality, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Wohl, Victoria (2014) ‘Introduction: Eikos in Ancient Greek Thought’, in Wohl, Victoria (ed.), Probabilities, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals in Ancient Greek Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1-14.
Zanatta, Marcello (1996), Organon di Aristotele, Torino, UTET.
Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Vacca, B. (2020). Strategie retoriche di persuasione e manipolazione dei giudici: il ragionamento per eikos nelle orazioni XII e XVI del corpus Lysiacum. Rhesis. International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature, 11(1), 270-280. https://doi.org/10.13125/rhesis/5645
Section
Articoli
